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Python - Date and Time

A Python program can handle date and time in several ways. Converting between date formats is a common chore for computers. Following modules in Python's standard library handle date and time related processing −

• DateTime module

• Time module

• Calendar module

Time intervals are floating-point numbers in units of seconds. Particular instants in time are expressed in seconds since 12:00am, January 1, 1970(epoch).

There is a popular time module available in Python, which provides functions for working with times, and for converting between representations. The function time.time() returns the current system time in ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970(epoch).

import time # This is required to include time module.
ticks = time.time()
print ("Number of ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970:", ticks)

This would produce a result something as follows −

Number of ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970: 1681928297.5316436

Date arithmetic is easy to do with ticks. However, dates before the epoch cannot be represented in this form. Dates in the far future also cannot be represented this way - the cutoff point is sometime in 2038 for UNIX and Windows.

Many of the Python's time functions handle time as a tuple of 9 numbers, as shown below −

For example,

>>>import time
>>> print (time.localtime())

This would produce an output as follows −

time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=19, tm_hour=23, tm_min=49, tm_sec=8, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=109, tm_isdst=0)

The above tuple is equivalent to struct_time structure. This structure has the following attributes −

To translate a time instant from seconds since the epoch floating-point value into a time-tuple, pass the floating-point value to a function (e.g., localtime) that returns a time-tuple with all valid nine items.

import time
localtime = time.localtime(time.time())
print ("Local current time :", localtime)

This would produce the following result, which could be formatted in any other presentable form −

Local current time : time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=19, tm_hour=23, tm_min=42, tm_sec=41, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=109, tm_isdst=0)

You can format any time as per your requirement, but a simple method to get time in a readable format is asctime() −

import time

localtime = time.asctime( time.localtime(time.time()) )
print ("Local current time :", localtime)

This would produce the following output −

Local current time : Wed Apr 19 23:45:27 2023

The calendar module gives a wide range of methods to play with yearly and monthly calendars. Here, we print a calendar for a given month (Jan 2008).

import calendar
cal = calendar.month(2023, 4)
print ("Here is the calendar:")
print (cal)

This would produce the following output −

Here is the calendar:
     April 2023
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
                1  2
 3  4  5  6  7  8  9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30

There is a popular time module available in Python, which provides functions for working with times and for converting between representations. Here is the list of all available methods.

The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined. This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe, including the UK). Only use this if daylight is nonzero.

Accepts a time-tuple and returns a readable 24-character string such as 'Tue Dec 11 18:07:14 2008'.

Returns the current CPU time as a floating-point number of seconds. To measure computational costs of different approaches, the value of time.clock is more useful than that of time.time().

Like asctime(localtime(secs)) and without arguments is like asctime( )

Accepts an instant expressed in seconds since the epoch and returns a time-tuple t with the UTC time. Note : t.tm_isdst is always 0

Accepts an instant expressed in seconds since the epoch and returns a time-tuple t with the local time (t.tm_isdst is 0 or 1, depending on whether DST applies to instant secs by local rules).

Accepts an instant expressed as a time-tuple in local time and returns a floating-point value with the instant expressed in seconds since the epoch.

Suspends the calling thread for secs seconds.

Accepts an instant expressed as a time-tuple in local time and returns a string representing the instant as specified by string fmt.

Parses str according to format string fmt and returns the instant in time-tuple format.

Returns the current time instant, a floating-point number of seconds since the epoch.

Resets the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment variable TZ specifies how this is done.

Let us go through the functions briefly.

There are two important attributes available with time module. They are −

time.timezone

Attribute time.timezone is the offset in seconds of the local time zone (without DST) from UTC (>0 in the Americas; <=0 in most of Europe, Asia, Africa).

time.tzname

Attribute time.tzname is a pair of locale-dependent strings, which are the names of the local time zone without and with DST, respectively.

The calendar module supplies calendar-related functions, including functions to print a text calendar for a given month or year.

By default, calendar takes Monday as the first day of the week and Sunday as the last one. To change this, call the calendar.setfirstweekday() function.

Here is a list of functions available with the calendar module −

calendar.calendar()

Returns a multi-line string with a calendar for year year formatted into three columns separated by c spaces. w is the width in characters of each date; each line has length 21*w+18+2*c. l is the number of lines for each week.

calendar.firstweekday()

Returns the current setting for the weekday that starts each week. By default, when calendar is first imported, this is 0, meaning Monday.

calendar.isleap()

Returns True if year is a leap year; otherwise, False.

calendar.leapdays()

Returns the total number of leap days in the years within range(y1,y2).

calendar.month()

Returns a multi-line string with a calendar for month month of year year, one line per week plus two header lines. w is the width in characters of each date; each line has length 7*w+6. l is the number of lines for each week.

calendar.monthcalendar()

Returns a list of lists of ints. Each sublist denotes a week. Days outside month month of year year are set to 0; days within the month are set to their day-of-month, 1 and up.

calendar.monthrange()

Returns two integers. The first one is the code of the weekday for the first day of the month month in year year; the second one is the number of days in the month. Weekday codes are 0 (Monday) to 6 (Sunday); month numbers are 1 to 12.

calendar.prcal()

Like print calendar.calendar(year,w,l,c).

calendar.prmonth()

Like print calendar.month(year,month,w,l).

calendar.setfirstweekday()

Sets the first day of each week to weekday code weekday. Weekday codes are 0 (Monday) to 6 (Sunday).

calendar.timegm()

The inverse of time.gmtime: accepts a time instant in time-tuple form and returns the same instant as a floating-point number of seconds since the epoch.

calendar.weekday()

Returns the weekday code for the given date. Weekday codes are 0 (Monday) to 6 (Sunday); month numbers are 1 (January) to 12 (December).

Python's datetime module is included in the standard library. It consists of classes that help manipulate data and time data and perform date time arithmetic.

Objects of datetime classes are either aware or nave. If the object includes timezone information it is aware, and if not it is classified as nave. An object of date class is nave, whereas time and datetime objects are aware.

A date object represents a date with year, month, and day. The current Gregorian calendar is indefinitely extended in both directions.

datetime.date(year, month, day)

Arguments must be integers, in the following ranges −

• year − MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR

• month − 1 <= month <= 12

• day − 1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year

If the value of any argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

from datetime import date
date1 = date(2023, 4, 19)
print("Date:", date1)
date2 = date(2023, 4, 31)

It will produce the following output −

Date: 2023-04-19
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "C:\Python311\hello.py", line 8, in <module>
  date2 = date(2023, 4, 31)
ValueError: day is out of range for month

• date.min − The earliest representable date, date(MINYEAR, 1, 1).

• date.max − The latest representable date, date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31).

• date.resolution − The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects.

• date.year − Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

• date.month − Between 1 and 12 inclusive.

• date.day − Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

from datetime import date

# Getting min date
mindate = date.min
print("Minimum Date:", mindate)

# Getting max date
maxdate = date.max
print("Maximum Date:", maxdate)

Date1 = date(2023, 4, 20)
print("Year:", Date1.year)
print("Month:", Date1.month)
print("Day:", Date1.day)

It will produce the following output −

Minimum Date: 0001-01-01
Maximum Date: 9999-12-31
Year: 2023
Month: 4
Day: 20

• today() − Return the current local date.

• fromtimestamp(timestamp) − Return the local date corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned by time.time().

• fromordinal(ordinal) − Return the date corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1.

• fromisoformat(date_string) − Return a date corresponding to a date_string given in any valid ISO 8601 format, except ordinal dates

from datetime import date

print (date.today())
d1=date.fromisoformat('2023-04-20')
print (d1)
d2=date.fromisoformat('20230420')
print (d2)
d3=date.fromisoformat('2023-W16-4')
print (d3)

It will produce the following output −

2023-04-20
2023-04-20
2023-04-20
2023-04-20

• replace() − Return a date by replacing specified attributes with new values by keyword arguments are specified.

• timetuple() − Return a time.struct_time such as returned by time.localtime().

• toordinal() − Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. For any date object d, date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d.

• weekday() − Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6.

• isoweekday() − Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7.

• isocalendar() − Return a named tuple object with three components: year, week and weekday.

• isoformat() − Return a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DD:

• __str__() − For a date d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat()

• ctime() − Return a string representing the date:

• strftime(format) − Return a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string.

• __format__(format) − Same as date.strftime().

from datetime import date
d = date.fromordinal(738630) # 738630th day after 1. 1. 0001
print (d)
print (d.timetuple())
# Methods related to formatting string output
print (d.isoformat())
print (d.strftime("%d/%m/%y"))
print (d.strftime("%A %d. %B %Y"))
print (d.ctime())

print ('The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}.'.format(d, "day", "month"))

# Methods for to extracting 'components' under different calendars
t = d.timetuple()
for i in t:
   print(i)
   
ic = d.isocalendar()
for i in ic:
   print(i)
   
# A date object is immutable; all operations produce a new object
print (d.replace(month=5))

It will produce the following output −

2023-04-20
time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=20, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=110, tm_isdst=-1)
2023-04-20
20/04/23
Thursday 20. April 2023
Thu Apr 20 00:00:00 2023
The day is 20, the month is April.
2023
4
20
0
0
0
3
110
-1
2023
16
4
2023-05-20

An object time class represents the local time of the day. It is independent of any particular day. It the object contains the tzinfo details, it is the aware object. If it is None then the time object is the naive object.

datetime.time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)

All arguments are optional. tzinfo may be None, or an instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges −

• hour − 0 <= hour < 24,

• minute − 0 <= minute < 60,

• second − 0 <= second < 60,

• microsecond − 0 <= microsecond < 1000000

If any of the arguments are outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

from datetime import time

time1 = time(8, 14, 36)
print("Time:", time1)

time2 = time(minute = 12)
print("time", time2)

time3 = time()
print("time", time3)

time4 = time(hour = 26)

It will produce the following output −

Time: 08:14:36
time 00:12:00
time 00:00:00
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/cg/root/64b912f27faef/main.py", line 12, in 
    time4 = time(hour = 26)
ValueError: hour must be in 0..23

• time.min − The earliest representable time, time(0, 0, 0, 0).

• time.max − The latest representable time, time(23, 59, 59, 999999).

• time.resolution − The smallest possible difference between non-equal time objects.

from datetime import time
print(time.min)
print(time.max)
print (time.resolution)

It will produce the following output −

00:00:00
23:59:59.999999
0:00:00.000001

• time.hour − In range(24)

• time.minute − In range(60)

• time.second − In range(60)

• time.microsecond − In range(1000000)

• time.tzinfo − the tzinfo argument to the time constructor, or None.

from datetime import time
t = time(8,23,45,5000)
print(t.hour)
print(t.minute)
print (t.second)
print (t.microsecond)

It will produce the following output −

8
23
455000

• replace() − Return a time with the same value, except for those attributes given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified.

• isoformat() − Return a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format

• __str__() − For a time t, str(t) is equivalent to t.isoformat().

• strftime(format) − Return a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format string.

• __format__(format) − Same as time.strftime().

• utcoffset() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset(None),

• dst() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.dst(None),

• tzname() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.tzname(None), or raises an exception

An object of datetime class contains the information of date and time together. It assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in both directions; like a time object, and there are exactly 3600*24 seconds in every day.

datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

The year, month and day arguments are required.

• year − MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR,

• month − 1 <= month <= 12,

• day − 1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year,

• hour − 0 <= hour < 24,

• minute − 0 <= minute < 60,

• second −0 <= second < 60,

• microsecond − 0 <= microsecond < 1000000,

• fold − in [0, 1].

If any argument in outside ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

from datetime import datetime
dt = datetime(2023, 4, 20)
print(dt)

dt = datetime(2023, 4, 20, 11, 6, 32, 5000)
print(dt)

It will produce the following output −

2023-04-20 00:00:00
2023-04-20 11:06:32.005000

• datetime.min − The earliest representable datetime, datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1, tzinfo=None).

• datetime.max − The latest representable datetime, datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999, tzinfo=None).

• datetime.resolution − The smallest possible difference between non-equal datetime objects, timedelta(microseconds=1).

from datetime import datetime
min = datetime.min
print("Min DateTime ", min)

max = datetime.max
print("Max DateTime ", max)

It will produce the following output −

Min DateTime 0001-01-01 00:00:00
Max DateTime 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999

• datetime.year − Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

• datetime.month − Between 1 and 12 inclusive.

• datetime.day − Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

• datetime.hour − In range(24)

• datetime.minute − In range(60)

• datetime.second − In range(60)

• datetime.microsecond − In range(1000000).

• datetime.tzinfo − The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the datetime constructor, or None if none was passed.

• datetime.fold − In [0, 1]. Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval.

from datetime import datetime
dt = datetime.now()

print("Day: ", dt.day)
print("Month: ", dt.month)
print("Year: ", dt.year)
print("Hour: ", dt.hour)
print("Minute: ", dt.minute)
print("Second: ", dt.second)

It will produce the following output −

Day: 20
Month: 4
Year: 2023
Hour: 15
Minute: 5
Second: 52

• today() − Return the current local datetime, with tzinfo None.

• now(tz=None) − Return the current local date and time.

• utcnow() − Return the current UTC date and time, with tzinfo None.

• utcfromtimestamp(timestamp) − Return the UTC datetime corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, with tzinfo None

• fromtimestamp(timestamp, timezone.utc) − On the POSIX compliant platforms, it is equivalent todatetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=timestamp)

• fromordinal(ordinal) − Return the datetime corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1.

• fromisoformat(date_string) − Return a datetime corresponding to a date_string in any valid ISO 8601 format.

• date() − Return date object with same year, month and day.

• time() − Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond and fold.

• timetz() − Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold, and tzinfo attributes. See also method time().

• replace() − Return a datetime with the same attributes, except for those attributes given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified.

• astimezone(tz=None) − Return a datetime object with new tzinfo attribute tz

• utcoffset() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self)

• dst() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.dst(self)

• tzname() − If tzinfo is None, returns None, else returns self.tzinfo.tzname(self)

• timetuple() − Return a time.struct_time such as returned by time.localtime().

• atetime.toordinal() − Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date.

• timestamp() − Return POSIX timestamp corresponding to the datetime instance.

• isoweekday() − Return day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1, Sunday is 7.

• isocalendar() − Return a named tuple with three components: year, week and weekday.

• isoformat(sep='T', timespec='auto') − Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format

• __str__() − For a datetime instance d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat(' ').

• ctime() − Return a string representing the date and time:

• strftime(format) − Return a string representing the date and time, controlled by an explicit format string.

• __format__(format) − Same as strftime().

from datetime import datetime, date, time, timezone

# Using datetime.combine()
d = date(2022, 4, 20)
t = time(12, 30)
datetime.combine(d, t)

# Using datetime.now()
d = datetime.now()
print (d)

# Using datetime.strptime()
dt = datetime.strptime("23/04/20 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M")

# Using datetime.timetuple() to get tuple of all attributes
tt = dt.timetuple()
for it in tt:
   print(it)

# Date in ISO format
ic = dt.isocalendar()
for it in ic:
   print(it)

It will produce the following output −

2023-04-20 15:12:49.816343
2020
4
23
16
30
0
3
114
-1
2020
17
4

The timedelta object represents the duration between two dates or two time objects.

datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

Internally, the attributes are stored in days, seconds and microseconds. Other arguments are converted to those units −

• A millisecond is converted to 1000 microseconds.

• A minute is converted to 60 seconds.

• An hour is converted to 3600 seconds.

• A week is converted to 7 days.

While days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the representation is unique.

The following example shows that Python internally stores days, seconds and microseconds only.

from datetime import timedelta
delta = timedelta(
   days=100,
   seconds=27,
   microseconds=10,
   milliseconds=29000,
   minutes=5,
   hours=12,
   weeks=2
)
# Only days, seconds, and microseconds remain
print (delta)

It will produce the following output −

114 days, 12:05:56.000010

The following example shows how to add timedelta object to a datetime object.

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

date1 = datetime.now()

date2= date1+timedelta(days = 4)
print("Date after 4 days:", date2)

date3 = date1-timedelta(15)
print("Date before 15 days:", date3)

It will produce the following output −

Date after 4 days: 2023-04-24 18:05:39.509905
Date before 15 days: 2023-04-05 18:05:39.509905

• timedelta.min − The most negative timedelta object, timedelta(-999999999).

• timedelta.max − The most positive timedelta object, timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999).

• timedelta.resolution − The smallest possible difference between non-equal timedelta objects, timedelta(microseconds=1)

from datetime import timedelta

# Getting minimum value
min = timedelta.min
print("Minimum value:", min)

max = timedelta.max
print("Maximum value", max)

It will produce the following output −

Minimum value: -999999999 days, 0:00:00
Maximum value 999999999 days, 23:59:59.999999

Since only day, second and microseconds are stored internally, those are the only instance attributes for a timedelta object.

• days − Between -999999999 and 999999999 inclusive

• seconds − Between 0 and 86399 inclusive

• microseconds − Between 0 and 999999 inclusive

timedelta.total_seconds() − Return the total number of seconds contained in the duration.

from datetime import timedelta
year = timedelta(days=365)
years = 5 * year
print (years)
print (years.days // 365)
646
year_1 = years // 5
print(year_1.days)

It will produce the following output −

1825 days, 0:00:00
5
365

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