Python arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and more on numbers. Arithmetic operators are binary operators in the sense they operate on two operands. Python fully supports mixed arithmetic. That is, the two operands can be of two different number types. In such a situation.
Types of Arithmetic OperatorsFollowing is the table which lists down all the arithmetic operators available in Python:
Operator Name Example + Addition a + b = 30 - Subtraction a b = -10 * Multiplication a * b = 200 / Division b / a = 2 % Modulus b % a = 0 ** Exponent a**b =10**20 // Floor Division 9//2 = 4Let us study these operators with examples.
Addition OperatorThe addition operator represents by + symbol. It is a basic arithmetic operator. It adds the two numeric operands on the either side and returns the addition result.
Example to add two integer numbersIn the following example, the two integer variables are the operands for the "+" operator.
a=10 b=20 print ("Addition of two integers") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"addition =",a+b)
It will produce the following output −
Addition of two integers a = 10 b = 20 addition = 30Example to add integer and float numbers
Addition of integer and float results in a float.
a=10 b=20.5 print ("Addition of integer and float") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"addition =",a+b)
It will produce the following output −
Addition of integer and float a = 10 b = 20.5 addition = 30.5Example to add two complex numbers
The result of adding float to complex is a complex number.
a=10+5j b=20.5 print ("Addition of complex and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"addition=",a+b)
It will produce the following output −
Addition of complex and float a= (10+5j) b= 20.5 addition= (30.5+5j)Subtraction Operator
The subtraction operator represents by - symbol. It subtracts the second operand from the first. The resultant number is negative if the second operand is larger.
Example to subtract two integer numbersFirst example shows subtraction of two integers.
a=10 b=20 print ("Subtraction of two integers:") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"a-b =",a-b) print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"b-a =",b-a)
Result −
Subtraction of two integers a = 10 b = 20 a-b = -10 a = 10 b = 20 b-a = 10Example to subtract integer and float numbers
Subtraction of an integer and a float follows the same principle.
a=10 b=20.5 print ("subtraction of integer and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a-b=",a-b) print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"b-a=",b-a)
It will produce the following output −
subtraction of integer and float a= 10 b= 20.5 a-b= -10.5 a= 10 b= 20.5 b-a= 10.5Example to subtract complex numbers
In the subtraction involving a complex and a float, real component is involved in the operation.
a=10+5j b=20.5 print ("subtraction of complex and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a-b=",a-b) print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"b-a=",b-a)
It will produce the following output −
subtraction of complex and float a= (10+5j) b= 20.5 a-b= (-10.5+5j) a= (10+5j) b= 20.5 b-a= (10.5-5j)Multiplication Operator
The * (asterisk) symbol is defined as a multiplication operator in Python (as in many languages). It returns the product of the two operands on its either side. If any of the operands negative, the result is also negative. If both are negative, the result is positive. Changing the order of operands doesn't change the result
Example to multiply two integersa=10 b=20 print ("Multiplication of two integers") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"a*b =",a*b)
It will produce the following output −
Multiplication of two integers a = 10 b = 20 a*b = 200Example to multiply integer and float numbers
In multiplication, a float operand may have a standard decimal point notation, or a scientific notation.
a=10 b=20.5 print ("Multiplication of integer and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a*b=",a*b) a=-5.55 b=6.75E-3 print ("Multiplication of float and float") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"a*b =",a*b)
It will produce the following output −
Multiplication of integer and float a = 10 b = 20.5 a-b = -10.5 Multiplication of float and float a = -5.55 b = 0.00675 a*b = -0.037462499999999996Example to multiply complex numbers
For the multiplication operation involving one complex operand, the other operand multiplies both the real part and imaginary part.
a=10+5j b=20.5 print ("Multiplication of complex and float") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"a*b =",a*b)
It will produce the following output −
Multiplication of complex and float a = (10+5j) b = 20.5 a*b = (205+102.5j)Division Operator
The "/" symbol is usually called as forward slash. The result of division operator is numerator (left operand) divided by denominator (right operand). The resultant number is negative if any of the operands is negative. Since infinity cannot be stored in the memory, Python raises ZeroDivisionError if the denominator is 0.
The result of division operator in Python is always a float, even if both operands are integers.
Example to divide two numbersa=10 b=20 print ("Division of two integers") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a/b=",a/b) print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"b/a=",b/a)
It will produce the following output −
Division of two integers a= 10 b= 20 a/b= 0.5 a= 10 b= 20 b/a= 2.0Example to divide two float numbers
In Division, a float operand may have a standard decimal point notation, or a scientific notation.
a=10 b=-20.5 print ("Division of integer and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a/b=",a/b) a=-2.50 b=1.25E2 print ("Division of float and float") print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a/b=",a/b)
It will produce the following output −
Division of integer and float a= 10 b= -20.5 a/b= -0.4878048780487805 Division of float and float a= -2.5 b= 125.0 a/b= -0.02Example to divide complex numbers
When one of the operands is a complex number, division between the other operand and both parts of complex number (real and imaginary) object takes place.
a=7.5+7.5j b=2.5 print ("Division of complex and float") print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"a/b =",a/b) print ("a =",a,"b =",b,"b/a =",b/a)
It will produce the following output −
Division of complex and float a = (7.5+7.5j) b = 2.5 a/b = (3+3j) a = (7.5+7.5j) b = 2.5 b/a = (0.16666666666666666-0.16666666666666666j)
If the numerator is 0, the result of division is always 0 except when denominator is 0, in which case, Python raises ZeroDivisionError wirh Division by Zero error message.
a=0 b=2.5 print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"a/b=",a/b) print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"b/a=",b/a)
It will produce the following output −
a= 0 b= 2.5 a/b= 0.0 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\mlath\examples\example.py", line 20, in <module> print ("a=",a,"b=",b,"b/a=",b/a) ~^~ ZeroDivisionError: float division by zeroModulus Operator
Python defines the "%" symbol, which is known aa Percent symbol, as Modulus (or modulo) operator. It returns the remainder after the denominator divides the numerator. It can also be called Remainder operator. The result of the modulus operator is the number that remains after the integer quotient. To give an example, when 10 is divided by 3, the quotient is 3 and remainder is 1. Hence, 10%3 (normally pronounced as 10 mod 3) results in 1.
Example for modulus operation on integersIf both the operands are integer, the modulus value is an integer. If numerator is completely divisible, remainder is 0. If numerator is smaller than denominator, modulus is equal to the numerator. If denominator is 0, Python raises ZeroDivisionError.
a=10 b=2 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) a=10 b=4 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "b%a=", b%a) a=0 b=10 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) print ("a=", a, "b=", b, "b%a=",b%a)
It will produce the following output −
a= 10 b= 2 a%b= 0 a= 10 b= 4 a%b= 2 a= 10 b= 4 b%a= 4 a= 0 b= 10 a%b= 0 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\mlath\examples\example.py", line 13, in <module> print ("a=", a, "b=", b, "b%a=",b%a) ~^~ ZeroDivisionError: integer modulo by zeroExample for modulus operation on floats
If any of the operands is a float, the mod value is always float.
a=10 b=2.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) a=10 b=1.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) a=7.7 b=2.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b) a=12.4 b=3 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a%b=", a%b)
It will produce the following output −
a= 10 b= 2.5 a%b= 0.0 a= 10 b= 1.5 a%b= 1.0 a= 7.7 b= 2.5 a%b= 0.20000000000000018 a= 12.4 b= 3 a%b= 0.40000000000000036
Python doesn't accept complex numbers to be used as operand in modulus operation. It throws TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %.
Exponent OperatorPython uses ** (double asterisk) as the exponent operator (sometimes called raised to operator). So, for a**b, you say a raised to b, or even bth power of a.
If in the exponentiation expression, both operands are integer, result is also an integer. In case either one is a float, the result is float. Similarly, if either one operand is complex number, exponent operator returns a complex number.
If the base is 0, the result is 0, and if the index is 0 then the result is always 1.
Example of exponent operatora=10 b=2 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a**b=", a**b) a=10 b=1.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a**b=", a**b) a=7.7 b=2 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a**b=", a**b) a=1+2j b=4 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a**b=", a**b) a=12.4 b=0 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a**b=", a**b) print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "b**a=", b**a)
It will produce the following output −
a= 10 b= 2 a**b= 100 a= 10 b= 1.5 a**b= 31.622776601683793 a= 7.7 b= 2 a**b= 59.290000000000006 a= (1+2j) b= 4 a**b= (-7-24j) a= 12.4 b= 0 a**b= 1.0 a= 12.4 b= 0 b**a= 0.0Floor Division Operator
Floor division is also called as integer division. Python uses // (double forward slash) symbol for the purpose. Unlike the modulus or modulo which returns the remainder, the floor division gives the quotient of the division of operands involved.
If both operands are positive, floor operator returns a number with fractional part removed from it. For example, the floor division of 9.8 by 2 returns 4 (pure division is 4.9, strip the fractional part, result is 4).
But if one of the operands is negative, the result is rounded away from zero (towards negative infinity). Floor division of -9.8 by 2 returns 5 (pure division is -4.9, rounded away from 0).
Example of floor division operatora=9 b=2 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a//b=", a//b) a=9 b=-2 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a//b=", a//b) a=10 b=1.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a//b=", a//b) a=-10 b=1.5 print ("a=",a, "b=",b, "a//b=", a//b)
It will produce the following output −
a= 9 b= 2 a//b= 4 a= 9 b= -2 a//b= -5 a= 10 b= 1.5 a//b= 6.0 a= -10 b= 1.5 a//b= -7.0Precedence and Associativity of Arithmetic Operators Operator(s) Description Associativity ** Exponent Operator Associativity of Exponent operator is from Right to Left. %, *, /, // Modulus, Multiplication, Division, and Floor Division Associativity of Modulus, Multiplication, Division, and Floor Division operators are from Left to Right. +, Addition and Subtraction Operators Associativity of Addition and Subtraction operators are from Left to Right.
The following table shows the precedence and associativity of the arithmetic operators in Python.
Arithmetic Operators with Complex NumbersArithmetic operators behave slightly differently when the both operands are complex number objects.
Addition and subtraction of complex numbersAddition and subtraction of complex numbers is a simple addition/subtraction of respective real and imaginary components.
a=2.5+3.4j b=-3+1.0j print ("Addition of complex numbers - a=",a, "b=",b, "a+b=", a+b) print ("Subtraction of complex numbers - a=",a, "b=",b, "a-b=", a-b)
It will produce the following output −
Addition of complex numbers - a= (2.5+3.4j) b= (-3+1j) a+b= (-0.5+4.4j) Subtraction of complex numbers - a= (2.5+3.4j) b= (-3+1j) a-b= (5.5+2.4j)Multiplication of complex numbers
Multiplication of complex numbers is similar to multiplication of two binomials in algebra. If "a+bj" and "x+yj" are two complex numbers, then their multiplication is given by this formula −
(a+bj)*(x+yj) = ax+ayj+xbj+byj2 = (ax-by)+(ay+xb)j
For example,
a=6+4j b=3+2j c=a*b c=(18-8)+(12+12)j c=10+24j
The following program confirms the result −
a=6+4j b=3+2j print ("Multplication of complex numbers - a=",a, "b=",b, "a*b=", a*b)
To understand the how the division of two complex numbers takes place, we should use the conjugate of a complex number. Python's complex object has a conjugate() method that returns a complex number with the sign of imaginary part reversed.
>>> a=5+6j >>> a.conjugate() (5-6j)Division of complex numbers
To divide two complex numbers, divide and multiply the numerator as well as the denominator with the conjugate of denominator.
a=6+4j b=3+2j c=a/b c=(6+4j)/(3+2j) c=(6+4j)*(3-2j)/3+2j)*(3-2j) c=(18-12j+12j+8)/(9-6j+6j+4) c=26/13 c=2+0j
To verify, run the following code −
a=6+4j b=3+2j print ("Division of complex numbers - a=",a, "b=",b, "a/b=", a/b)
Complex class in Python doesn't support the modulus operator (%) and floor division operator (//).
RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue
Search and Browse the WWW like it's 1997 | Search results from DuckDuckGo
HTML:
3.2
| Encoding:
UTF-8
| Version:
0.7.4