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Java - Date and Time

Java provides the Date class available in java.util package, this class encapsulates the current date and time.

The Date class supports two constructors as shown in the following table.

Date( )

This constructor initializes the object with the current date and time.

Date(long millisec)

This constructor accepts an argument that equals the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since midnight, January 1, 1970.

Following are the methods of the date class.

This is a very easy method to get current date and time in Java. You can use a simple Date object with toString() method to print the current date and time as follows −

import java.util.Date;
public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();

      // display time and date using toString()
      System.out.println(date.toString());
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

on May 04 09:51:52 CDT 2009

Following are the three ways to compare two dates −

• You can use getTime( ) to obtain the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since midnight, January 1, 1970, for both objects and then compare these two values.

• You can use the methods before( ), after( ), and equals( ). Because the 12th of the month comes before the 18th, for example, new Date(99, 2, 12).before(new Date (99, 2, 18)) returns true.

• You can use the compareTo( ) method, which is defined by the Comparable interface and implemented by Date.

SimpleDateFormat is a concrete class for formatting and parsing dates in a locale-sensitive manner. SimpleDateFormat allows you to start by choosing any user-defined patterns for date-time formatting.

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;

public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Date dNow = new Date( );
      SimpleDateFormat ft = 
      new SimpleDateFormat ("E yyyy.MM.dd 'at' hh:mm:ss a zzz");

      System.out.println("Current Date: " + ft.format(dNow));
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Current Date: Sun 2004.07.18 at 04:14:09 PM PDT

To specify the time format, use a time pattern string. In this pattern, all ASCII letters are reserved as pattern letters, which are defined as the following −

Date and time formatting can be done very easily using printf method. You use a two-letter format, starting with t and ending in one of the letters of the table as shown in the following code.

import java.util.Date;
public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();

      // display time and date
      String str = String.format("Current Date/Time : %tc", date );

      System.out.printf(str);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Current Date/Time : Sat Dec 15 16:37:57 MST 2012

It would be a bit silly if you had to supply the date multiple times to format each part. For that reason, a format string can indicate the index of the argument to be formatted.

The index must immediately follow the % and it must be terminated by a $.

import java.util.Date;
public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();
  
      // display time and date
      System.out.printf("%1$s %2$tB %2$td, %2$tY", "Due date:", date);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Due date: February 09, 2004

Alternatively, you can use the < flag. It indicates that the same argument as in the preceding format specification should be used again.

import java.util.Date;
public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();
  
      // display formatted date
      System.out.printf("%s %tB %<te, %<tY", "Due date:", date);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Due date: February 09, 2004

There are other useful classes related to Date and time. For more details, you can refer to Java Standard documentation.

The SimpleDateFormat class has some additional methods, notably parse( ), which tries to parse a string according to the format stored in the given SimpleDateFormat object.

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
  
public class DateDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      SimpleDateFormat ft = new SimpleDateFormat ("yyyy-MM-dd"); 
      String input = args.length == 0 ? "1818-11-11" : args[0]; 

      System.out.print(input + " Parses as "); 
      Date t;
      try {
         t = ft.parse(input); 
         System.out.println(t); 
      } catch (ParseException e) { 
         System.out.println("Unparseable using " + ft); 
      }
   }
}

A sample run of the above program would produce the following result −

1818-11-11 Parses as Wed Nov 11 00:00:00 EST 1818

You can sleep for any period of time from one millisecond up to the lifetime of your computer. For example, the following program would sleep for 3 seconds −

import java.util.*;
public class SleepDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      try { 
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "\n"); 
         Thread.sleep(5*60*10); 
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "\n"); 
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Got an exception!"); 
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Sun May 03 18:04:41 GMT 2009
Sun May 03 18:04:51 GMT 2009

Sometimes, you may need to measure point in time in milliseconds. So let's re-write the above example once again −

import java.util.*;
public class DiffDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      try {
         long start = System.currentTimeMillis( );
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "\n");
         
         Thread.sleep(5*60*10);
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "\n");
         
         long end = System.currentTimeMillis( );
         long diff = end - start;
         System.out.println("Difference is : " + diff);
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Got an exception!");
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Sun May 03 18:16:51 GMT 2009
Sun May 03 18:16:57 GMT 2009
Difference is : 5993

GregorianCalendar is a concrete implementation of a Calendar class that implements the normal Gregorian calendar with which you are familiar. We did not discuss Calendar class in this tutorial, you can look up standard Java documentation for this.

The getInstance( ) method of Calendar returns a GregorianCalendar initialized with the current date and time in the default locale and time zone. GregorianCalendar defines two fields: AD and BC. These represent the two eras defined by the Gregorian calendar.

There are also several constructors for GregorianCalendar objects −

GregorianCalendar()

Constructs a default GregorianCalendar using the current time in the default time zone with the default locale.

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date set in the default time zone with the default locale.

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute, int second)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.

GregorianCalendar(Locale aLocale)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the default time zone with the given locale.

GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the default locale.

GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the given locale.

Here is the list of few useful support methods provided by GregorianCalendar class −

void add(int field, int amount)

Adds the specified (signed) amount of time to the given time field, based on the calendar's rules.

protected void computeFields()

Converts UTC as milliseconds to time field values.

protected void computeTime()

Overrides Calendar Converts time field values to UTC as milliseconds.

boolean equals(Object obj)

Compares this GregorianCalendar to an object reference.

int get(int field)

Gets the value for a given time field.

int getActualMaximum(int field)

Returns the maximum value that this field could have, given the current date.

int getActualMinimum(int field)

Returns the minimum value that this field could have, given the current date.

int getGreatestMinimum(int field)

Returns highest minimum value for the given field if varies.

Date getGregorianChange()

Gets the Gregorian Calendar change date.

int getLeastMaximum(int field)

Returns lowest maximum value for the given field if varies.

int getMaximum(int field)

Returns maximum value for the given field.

Date getTime()

Gets this Calendar's current time.

long getTimeInMillis()

Gets this Calendar's current time as a long.

TimeZone getTimeZone()

Gets the time zone.

int getMinimum(int field)

Returns minimum value for the given field.

int hashCode()

Overrides hashCode.

boolean isLeapYear(int year)

Determines if the given year is a leap year.

void roll(int field, boolean up)

Adds or subtracts (up/down) a single unit of time on the given time field without changing larger fields.

void set(int field, int value)

Sets the time field with the given value.

void set(int year, int month, int date)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, and date.

void set(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, and minute.

void set(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute, int second)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, minute, and second.

void setGregorianChange(Date date)

Sets the GregorianCalendar change date.

void setTime(Date date)

Sets this Calendar's current time with the given Date.

void setTimeInMillis(long millis)

Sets this Calendar's current time from the given long value.

void setTimeZone(TimeZone value)

Sets the time zone with the given time zone value.

String toString()

Returns a string representation of this calendar.

import java.util.*;
public class GregorianCalendarDemo {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      String months[] = {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", 
         "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};
      
      int year;
      // Create a Gregorian calendar initialized
      // with the current date and time in the
      // default locale and timezone.
      
      GregorianCalendar gcalendar = new GregorianCalendar();
      
      // Display current time and date information.
      System.out.print("Date: ");
      System.out.print(months[gcalendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)]);
      System.out.print(" " + gcalendar.get(Calendar.DATE) + " ");
      System.out.println(year = gcalendar.get(Calendar.YEAR));
      System.out.print("Time: ");
      System.out.print(gcalendar.get(Calendar.HOUR) + ":");
      System.out.print(gcalendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE) + ":");
      System.out.println(gcalendar.get(Calendar.SECOND));

      // Test if the current year is a leap year
      if(gcalendar.isLeapYear(year)) {
         System.out.println("The current year is a leap year");
      }else {
         System.out.println("The current year is not a leap year");
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Date: Apr 22 2009
Time: 11:25:27
The current year is not a leap year

For a complete list of constant available in Calendar class, you can refer the standard Java documentation.

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