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Showing content from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cpp_standard_library/cpp_vector_end.htm below:

C++ Vector end() Function

The C++ vector::end() function is used to get the iterator that points to the vector one-past-last element. The <vector> header file contains end() function. The time complexity of the end()function is constant.

The returned vector will throw a garbage value if we try to dereference it. To get the last element, we must subtract 1 from the iterator that was returned, i.e., move back one position. The iterator cannot be dereferenced if the vector is empty.

Following is the syntax for C++ vector::end() Function −

iterator end() noexcept;
const_iterator end() const noexcept;

It doesn't accept any kind of parameter.

Let's consider the following example, where we are going to use end() function.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main() {
   vector<int> myvector = {11,22,33,44};
   vector<int> empty_vec = {};
   auto x = myvector.end();
   cout << *(x - 1);
   return 0;
}

When we compile and run the above program, this will produce the following result −

44

Considering the another scenario, where we are going to use push_back() function to insert the elements and applying the end() function.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main(){
   vector<int> myvector;
   myvector.push_back(12);
   myvector.push_back(23);
   vector<int>::iterator x;
   x = myvector.end()-1;
   cout << "Result : " << *x << endl;
   return 0;
}

On running the above program, it will produce the following result −

Result : 23

In the following example, we are going to use string values and applying the end() function.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

int main (){
   vector<string> tutorial{"JIM","JAM","JUM"};
   vector<string>::iterator x;
   x = tutorial.end();
   x--;
   cout<<*x<<" ";
   x--;
   cout<<*x<<" ";
   x--;
   cout<<*x<<" ";
   return 0;
}

When we execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

JUM JAM JIM

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