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Artificial Intelligence - Robotics

Robotics is a domain in Artificial Intelligence that deals with the study of creating intelligent and efficient robots.

Robots are programmed machines that perform tasks automatically, with little or no human intervention.

The main objective behind robots is to aim at manipulating the objects by perceiving, picking, moving, modifying the physical properties of object, destroying it, or to have an effect thereby freeing manpower from doing repetitive functions without getting bored, distracted, or exhausted.

Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves training and programming machines to replicate or substitute for human actions. These robots are designed to perform basic and repetitive tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy than humans.

Some of the key aspects of robotics are listed below −

• The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape designed to accomplish a particular task.
• They have electrical components which power and control the machinery.
• They contain some level of computer program that determines what, when and how a robot does something.

Robotics and Artificial Intelligence are closely related fields, which when integrated give rise to a machine that could think intelligently just like humans. Some of the key benefits of integration of AI include −

• AI makes robots human friendly, and enhances the overall productivity of an organization through improved efficiency and quality.
• This integration of AI with robotics allows machines to perform complex tasks with ease.
• Robots use AI to learn from past experiences, adapt to new situations and make data driven decisions.
• Additionally, the other branches of AI such as Machine learning allows in analyzing large datasets to recognize patterns and improve its performance in dynamic environment and Computer Vision helps the robot understand visual data to effectively perform tasks like navigation and object recognition.

The differences between robot system and other AI program's are tabulated below −

Robots have several components, which includes −

• Power Supply: The robots are powered by batteries, solar power, hydraulic, or pneumatic power sources.
• Actuators: They convert energy into movement.
• Electric motors (AC/DC): They are required for rotational movement.
• Pneumatic Air Muscles: They contract almost 40% when air is sucked in them.
• Muscle Wires: They contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them.
• Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Best for industrial robots.
• Sensors: They provide knowledge of real time information on the task environment. Robots are equipped with vision sensors to be to compute the depth in the environment. A tactile sensor imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of human fingertips.

Locomotion is the mechanism that makes a robot capable of moving in its environment. There are various types of locomotions −

• Legged
• Wheeled
• Combination of Legged and Wheeled Locomotion
• Tracked slip/skid

This type of locomotion consumes more power while demonstrating walk, jump, trot, hop, climb up or down, etc. It requires more number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is suited for rough as well as smooth terrain where irregular or too smooth surface makes it consume more power for a wheeled locomotion. It is little difficult to implement because of stability issues.

It comes with the variety of one, two, four, and six legs. If a robot has multiple legs then leg coordination is necessary for locomotion. For example −

The total number of possible gaits (a periodic sequence of lift and release events for each of the total legs) a robot can travel depends upon the number of its legs.

If a robot has k legs, then the number of possible events N = (2k-1)!.

In case of a two-legged robot (k=2), the number of possible events is N = (2k-1)! = (2*2-1)! = 3! = 6.

Hence there are six possible different events −

• Lifting the Left leg
• Releasing the Left leg
• Lifting the Right leg
• Releasing the Right leg
• Lifting both the legs together
• Releasing both the legs together

In case of k=6 legs, there are 39916800 possible events. Hence the complexity of robots is directly proportional to the number of legs.

It requires fewer number of motors to accomplish a movement. It is little easy to implement as there are less stability issues in case of more number of wheels. It is power efficient as compared to legged locomotion.

• Standard wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and around the contact
• Castor wheel: Rotates around the wheel axle and the offset steering joint.
• Swedish 45^o and Swedish 90^o wheels: Omni-wheel, rotates around the contact point, around the wheel axle, and around the rollers.
• Ball or spherical wheel: Omni-directional wheel, technically difficult to implement.

In this type, the vehicles use tracks as in a tank. The robot is steered by moving the tracks with different speeds in the same or opposite direction. It offers stability because of large contact area of track and ground.

Robots are constructed with the following −

• Power Supply: The robots are powered by batteries, solar power, hydraulic, or pneumatic power sources.
• Actuators: They convert energy into movement.
• Electric motors (AC/DC): They are required for rotational movement.
• Pneumatic Air Muscles: They contract almost 40% when air is sucked in them.
• Muscle Wires: They contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them.
• Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Best for industrial robots.
• Sensors: They provide knowledge of real time information on the task environment. Robots are equipped with vision sensors to be to compute the depth in the environment. A tactile sensor imitates the mechanical properties of touch receptors of human fingertips.

The robotics has been instrumental in the various domains such as −

• Industries: Robots are used for handling material, cutting, welding, color coating, drilling, polishing, etc.
• Military: Autonomous robots can reach inaccessible and hazardous zones during war. A robot named Daksh, developed by Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), is in function to destroy life-threatening objects safely.
• Medicine: The robots are capable of carrying out hundreds of clinical tests simultaneously, rehabilitating permanently disabled people, and performing complex surgeries such as brain tumors.
• Exploration: The robot rock climbers used for space exploration, underwater drones used for ocean exploration are to name a few.
• Entertainment: Disney's engineers have created hundreds of robots for movie making.

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