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Driver Sessions | Selenium

Starting and stopping a session is for opening and closing a browser.

The session is created automatically by initializing a new Driver class object.

Each language allows a session to be created with arguments from one of these classes (or equivalent):

The primary unique argument for starting a local driver includes information about starting the required driver service on the local machine.

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

package dev.selenium.drivers;

import dev.selenium.BaseTest;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.UnexpectedAlertBehaviour;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class OptionsTest extends BaseTest {

  @Test
  public void setPageLoadStrategyNormal() {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void setPageLoadStrategyEager() {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void setPageLoadStrategyNone() {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void setAcceptInsecureCerts() {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }

  @Test
  public void getBrowserName() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	String name = chromeOptions.getBrowserName();
	Assertions.assertFalse(name.isEmpty(), "Browser name should not be empty");
  }

  @Test
  public void setBrowserVersion() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	String version = "latest";
	chromeOptions.setBrowserVersion(version);
	Assertions.assertEquals(version, chromeOptions.getBrowserVersion());
  }

  @Test
  public void setPlatformName() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	String platform = "OS X 10.6";
	chromeOptions.setPlatformName(platform);
	Assertions.assertEquals(platform, chromeOptions.getPlatformName().toString());
  }

  @Test
  public void setScriptTimeout() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setScriptTimeout(duration);

	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
	try {
	  Duration timeout = driver.manage().timeouts().getScriptTimeout();
	  Assertions.assertEquals(timeout, duration, "The script timeout should be set to 5 seconds.");
	} finally {
	  driver.quit();
	}
  }

  @Test
  public void setPageLoadTimeout() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setPageLoadTimeout(duration);

	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
	try {
	  Duration timeout = driver.manage().timeouts().getPageLoadTimeout();
	  Assertions.assertEquals(timeout, duration, "The page load timeout should be set to 5 seconds.");
	} finally {
	  driver.quit();
	}
  }

  @Test
  public void setImplicitWaitTimeout() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setImplicitWaitTimeout(duration);

	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
	try {
	  Duration timeout = driver.manage().timeouts().getImplicitWaitTimeout();
	  Assertions.assertEquals(timeout, duration, "The implicit wait timeout should be set to 5 seconds.");
	} finally {
	  driver.quit();
	}
  }

  @Test
  public void setUnhandledPromptBehaviour() {
	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
	chromeOptions.setUnhandledPromptBehaviour(UnexpectedAlertBehaviour.DISMISS_AND_NOTIFY);
	//verify the capability object is not null
	Object capabilityObject = chromeOptions.getCapability(CapabilityType.UNHANDLED_PROMPT_BEHAVIOUR);
	Assertions.assertNotNull(capabilityObject, "Capability UNHANDLED_PROMPT_BEHAVIOUR should not be null.");
	Assertions.assertEquals(capabilityObject.toString(), UnexpectedAlertBehaviour.DISMISS_AND_NOTIFY.toString());
  }

  @Test
  public void setWindowRect() {
   	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
   	chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.SET_WINDOW_RECT, true);
   	//verify the capability object is not null
   	Object capabilityObject = chromeOptions.getCapability(CapabilityType.SET_WINDOW_RECT);
    Assertions.assertNotNull(capabilityObject, "Capability SET_WINDOW_RECT should not be null.");

    Boolean capability = (Boolean) capabilityObject;
    Assertions.assertTrue(capability, "The capability SET_WINDOW_RECT should be set to true.");
  }
	
  @Test
  public void setStrictFileInteractability() {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = getDefaultChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY, true);
	//verify the capability object is not null
    Object capabilityObject = chromeOptions.getCapability(CapabilityType.STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY);
    Assertions.assertNotNull(capabilityObject, "Capability STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY should not be null.");

    Boolean capability = (Boolean) capabilityObject;
    Assertions.assertTrue(capability, "The capability STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY should be set to true.");
  }
}

    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import ProxyType


def test_page_load_strategy_normal():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()


def test_page_load_strategy_eager():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()


def test_page_load_strategy_none():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'none'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_timeouts_script():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.timeouts = { 'script': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_timeouts_page_load():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.timeouts = { 'pageLoad': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_timeouts_implicit_wait():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.timeouts = { 'implicit': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_unhandled_prompt():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = 'accept'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_set_window_rect():
    options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
    options.set_window_rect = True # Full support in Firefox
    driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_strict_file_interactability():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.strict_file_interactability = True
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def test_proxy():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.proxy = Proxy({ 'proxyType': ProxyType.MANUAL, 'httpProxy' : 'http.proxy:1234'})
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()
    
def test_set_browser_name():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    assert options.capabilities['browserName'] == 'chrome'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()
    
def test_set_browser_version():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.browser_version = 'stable'
    assert options.capabilities['browserVersion'] == 'stable'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()
    
def test_platform_name():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.platform_name = 'any'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()
    
def test_accept_insecure_certs():
    options = get_default_chrome_options()
    options.accept_insecure_certs = True
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
    driver.quit()

def get_default_chrome_options():
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
    return options

                string userDataDir = System.IO.Path.Combine(System.IO.Path.GetTempPath(), System.IO.Path.GetRandomFileName());

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace SeleniumDocs
{
    public class BaseTest
    {
        protected IWebDriver driver;
        protected Uri GridUrl;
        private Process _webserverProcess;
        private const string ServerJarName = "selenium-server-4.35.0.jar";
        private static readonly string BaseDirectory = AppContext.BaseDirectory;
        private const string RelativePathToGrid = "../../../../../";
        private readonly string _examplesDirectory = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(BaseDirectory, RelativePathToGrid));

        [TestCleanup]
        public void Cleanup()
        {
            driver?.Quit();

            if (_webserverProcess != null)
            {
                StopServer();
            }
        }

        protected void StartDriver(string browserVersion = null)
        {
            ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
            if (browserVersion != null)
            {
                options.BrowserVersion = browserVersion;
                string userDataDir = System.IO.Path.Combine(System.IO.Path.GetTempPath(), System.IO.Path.GetRandomFileName());
                System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory(userDataDir);
                options.AddArgument($"--user-data-dir={userDataDir}");
                options.AddArgument("--no-sandbox");
                options.AddArgument("--disable-dev-shm-usage");
            }
            driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        }

        protected async Task StartServer()
        {
            if (_webserverProcess == null || _webserverProcess.HasExited)
            {
                _webserverProcess = new Process();
                _webserverProcess.StartInfo.FileName =
                    RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows) ? "java.exe" : "java";
                string port = GetFreeTcpPort().ToString();
                GridUrl = new Uri("http://localhost:" + port + "/wd/hub");
                _webserverProcess.StartInfo.Arguments = " -jar " + ServerJarName +
                                                        " standalone --port " + port +
                                                        " --selenium-manager true --enable-managed-downloads true";
                _webserverProcess.StartInfo.WorkingDirectory = _examplesDirectory;
                _webserverProcess.Start();
                await EnsureGridIsRunningAsync();
            }
        }

        private void StopServer()
        {
            if (_webserverProcess != null && !_webserverProcess.HasExited)
            {
                _webserverProcess.Kill();
                _webserverProcess.Dispose();
                _webserverProcess = null;
            }
        }

        private static int GetFreeTcpPort()
        {
            TcpListener l = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 0);
            l.Start();
            int port = ((IPEndPoint)l.LocalEndpoint).Port;
            l.Stop();
            return port;
        }

        private async Task EnsureGridIsRunningAsync()
        {
            DateTime timeout = DateTime.Now.Add(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(240));
            bool isRunning = false;
            HttpClient client = new HttpClient();

            while (!isRunning && DateTime.Now < timeout)
            {
                try
                {
                    HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync(GridUrl + "/status");
                    if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
                    {
                        isRunning = true;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        await Task.Delay(1000);
                    }
                }
                catch (HttpRequestException)
                {
                    await Task.Delay(1000);
                }
            }

            if (!isRunning)
            {
                throw new TimeoutException("Could not confirm the remote selenium server is running within 30 seconds");
            }
        }
    }
}

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options

# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'spec_helper'

RSpec.describe 'Chrome' do
  describe 'Driver Options' do
    let(:chrome_location) { driver_finder && ENV.fetch('CHROME_BIN', nil) }
    let(:url) { 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/' }

    it 'page load strategy normal' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :normal

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'page load strategy eager' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :eager

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'page load strategy none' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :none

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets remote capabilities', skip: 'this is example code that will not execute' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
      options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
      options.browser_version = 'latest'
      cloud_options = {}
      cloud_options[:build] = my_test_build
      cloud_options[:name] = my_test_name
      options.add_option('cloud:options', cloud_options)
      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, capabilities: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'accepts untrusted certificates' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.accept_insecure_certs = true

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets unhandled prompt behavior' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = :accept

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets window rect' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
      options.set_window_rect = true

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets strict file interactability' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.strict_file_interactability = true

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets the proxy' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.proxy = Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http: 'myproxy.com:8080')

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets the implicit timeout' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {implicit: 1}

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets the page load timeout' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {page_load: 400_000}

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets the script timeout' do
      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {script: 40_000}

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end

    it 'sets capabilities in the pre-selenium 4 way', skip: 'this is example code that will not execute' do
      caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.firefox
      caps[:platform] = 'Windows 10'
      caps[:version] = '92'
      caps[:build] = my_test_build
      caps[:name] = my_test_name
      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: cloud_url, desired_capabilities: caps
      driver.get(url)
      driver.quit
    end
  end
end

    driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options)
      .setChromeService(service)
      .build();

const fs = require('fs');
const os = require('os');
const path = require('path');
const Chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
const {Browser, Builder} = require("selenium-webdriver");
const {getBinaryPaths} = require("selenium-webdriver/common/driverFinder");

describe('Service Test', function () {
  let driver;
  let userDataDir;
  let service;
  let options;

  afterEach(async function () {
    if (driver) {
      await driver.quit();
      driver = null;
    }
    if (userDataDir) {
      fs.rmSync(userDataDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
      userDataDir = null;
    }
  });

  it('Default service', async function () {
    service = new Chrome.ServiceBuilder();
    driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeService(service)
      .build();
    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
  });

  it('Set Driver Location', async function () {
    options = new Chrome.Options();
    options.setBrowserVersion("stable");
    let paths = getBinaryPaths(options);
    let driverPath = paths.driverPath;
    let browserPath = paths.browserPath;
    options.setChromeBinaryPath(browserPath);
    userDataDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'chrome-profile-'));
    options.addArguments(`--user-data-dir=${userDataDir}`);
    options.addArguments('--no-sandbox');
    options.addArguments('--disable-dev-shm-usage');
    service = new Chrome.ServiceBuilder(driverPath);
    driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options)
      .setChromeService(service)
      .build();
    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
  });

  it('Set port', async function () {
    service = new Chrome.ServiceBuilder().setPort(1234);
    driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeService(service)
      .build();
    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
  });
});

Add Example

The primary unique argument for starting a remote driver includes information about where to execute the code. Read the details in the Remote Driver Section

Important note: the quit method is different from the close method, and it is recommended to always use quit to end the session

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