/** * Tiny Mersenne Twister: only 127-bit internal state. * Derived from the reference implementation version 1.1 (2015/04/24) * by Mutsuo Saito (Hiroshima University) and Makoto Matsumoto * (Hiroshima University). */ #include /** * tinymt32 internal state vector and parameters */ typedef struct { uint32_t status[4]; uint32_t mat1; uint32_t mat2; uint32_t tmat; } tinymt32_t; static void tinymt32_next_state (tinymt32_t* s); static uint32_t tinymt32_temper (tinymt32_t* s); /** * Parameter set to use for this IETF specification. Don't change. * This parameter set is the first entry of the precalculated * parameter sets in tinymt32dc/tinymt32dc.0.1048576.txt by * Kenji Rikitake, available at: * https://github.com/jj1bdx/tinymtdc-longbatch/. * It is also the parameter set used in: * Rikitake, K., "TinyMT pseudo random number generator for * Erlang", Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN Erlang Workshop, * September 2012. */ const uint32_t TINYMT32_MAT1_PARAM = UINT32_C(0x8f7011ee); const uint32_t TINYMT32_MAT2_PARAM = UINT32_C(0xfc78ff1f); const uint32_t TINYMT32_TMAT_PARAM = UINT32_C(0x3793fdff); /** * This function initializes the internal state array with a * 32-bit unsigned integer seed. * @param s pointer to tinymt internal state. * @param seed a 32-bit unsigned integer used as a seed. */ void tinymt32_init (tinymt32_t* s, uint32_t seed) { const uint32_t MIN_LOOP = 8; const uint32_t PRE_LOOP = 8; s->status[0] = seed; s->status[1] = s->mat1 = TINYMT32_MAT1_PARAM; s->status[2] = s->mat2 = TINYMT32_MAT2_PARAM; s->status[3] = s->tmat = TINYMT32_TMAT_PARAM; for (int i = 1; i < MIN_LOOP; i++) { s->status[i & 3] ^= i + UINT32_C(1812433253) * (s->status[(i - 1) & 3] ^ (s->status[(i - 1) & 3] >> 30)); } /* * NB: The parameter set of this specification warrants * that none of the possible 2^^32 seeds leads to an * all-zero 127-bit internal state. Therefore, the * period_certification() function of the original * TinyMT32 source code has been safely removed. If * another parameter set is used, this function will * have to be reintroduced here. */ for (int i = 0; i < PRE_LOOP; i++) { tinymt32_next_state(s); } } /** * This function outputs a 32-bit unsigned integer from * the internal state. * @param s pointer to tinymt internal state. * @return 32-bit unsigned integer r (0 <= r < 2^32). */ uint32_t tinymt32_generate_uint32 (tinymt32_t* s) { tinymt32_next_state(s); return tinymt32_temper(s); } /** * Internal tinymt32 constants and functions. * Users should not call these functions directly. */ const uint32_t TINYMT32_SH0 = 1; const uint32_t TINYMT32_SH1 = 10; const uint32_t TINYMT32_SH8 = 8; const uint32_t TINYMT32_MASK = UINT32_C(0x7fffffff); /** * This function changes the internal state of tinymt32. * @param s pointer to tinymt internal state. */ static void tinymt32_next_state (tinymt32_t* s) { uint32_t x; uint32_t y; y = s->status[3]; x = (s->status[0] & TINYMT32_MASK) ^ s->status[1] ^ s->status[2]; x ^= (x << TINYMT32_SH0); y ^= (y >> TINYMT32_SH0) ^ x; s->status[0] = s->status[1]; s->status[1] = s->status[2]; s->status[2] = x ^ (y << TINYMT32_SH1); s->status[3] = y; /* * The if (y & 1) {...} block below replaces: * s->status[1] ^= -((int32_t)(y & 1)) & s->mat1; * s->status[2] ^= -((int32_t)(y & 1)) & s->mat2; * The adopted code is equivalent to the original code * but does not depend on the representation of negative * integers by 2's complements. It is therefore more * portable but includes an if branch, which may slow * down the generation speed. */ if (y & 1) { s->status[1] ^= s->mat1; s->status[2] ^= s->mat2; } } /** * This function outputs a 32-bit unsigned integer from * the internal state. * @param s pointer to tinymt internal state. * @return 32-bit unsigned pseudorandom number. */ static uint32_t tinymt32_temper (tinymt32_t* s) { uint32_t t0, t1; t0 = s->status[3]; t1 = s->status[0] + (s->status[2] >> TINYMT32_SH8); t0 ^= t1; /* * The if (t1 & 1) {...} block below replaces: * t0 ^= -((int32_t)(t1 & 1)) & s->tmat; * The adopted code is equivalent to the original code * but does not depend on the representation of negative * integers by 2's complements. It is therefore more * portable but includes an if branch, which may slow * down the generation speed. */ if (t1 & 1) { t0 ^= s->tmat; } return t0; } Figure 1: TinyMT32 Reference Implementation 2.2. TinyMT32 Usage This PRNG MUST first be initialized with the following function: void tinymt32_init (tinymt32_t* s, uint32_t seed); It takes as input a 32-bit unsigned integer used as a seed (note that value 0 is permitted by TinyMT32). This function also takes as input a pointer to an instance of a tinymt32_t structure that needs to be allocated by the caller but is left uninitialized. This structure will then be updated by the various TinyMT32 functions in order to keep the internal state of the PRNG. The use of this structure admits several instances of this PRNG to be used in parallel, each of them having its own instance of the structure. Then, each time a new 32-bit pseudorandom unsigned integer between 0 and 2^(32) - 1 inclusive is needed, the following function is used: uint32_t tinymt32_generate_uint32 (tinymt32_t * s); Of course, the tinymt32_t structure must be left unchanged by the caller between successive calls to this function. 2.3. Specific Implementation Validation and Deterministic Behavior For a given seed, PRNG determinism can be a requirement (e.g., with [RFC8681]). Consequently, any implementation of the TinyMT32 PRNG in line with this specification MUST have the same output as that provided by the reference implementation of Figure 1. In order to increase the compliancy confidence, this document proposes the following criteria. Using a seed value of 1, the first 50 values returned by tinymt32_generate_uint32(s) as 32-bit unsigned integers are equal to the values provided in Figure 2, which are to be read line by line. Note that these values come from the tinymt/ check32.out.txt file provided by the PRNG authors to validate implementations of TinyMT32 as part of the MersenneTwister-Lab/TinyMT GitHub repository. 2545341989 981918433 3715302833 2387538352 3591001365 3820442102 2114400566 2196103051 2783359912 764534509 643179475 1822416315 881558334 4207026366 3690273640 3240535687 2921447122 3984931427 4092394160 44209675 2188315343 2908663843 1834519336 3774670961 3019990707 4065554902 1239765502 4035716197 3412127188 552822483 161364450 353727785 140085994 149132008 2547770827 4064042525 4078297538 2057335507 622384752 2041665899 2193913817 1080849512 33160901 662956935 642999063 3384709977 1723175122 3866752252 521822317 2292524454 Figure 2: First 50 decimal values (to be read per line) returned by tinymt32_generate_uint32(s) as 32-bit unsigned integers, with a seed value of 1 In particular, the deterministic behavior of the Figure 1 source code has been checked across several platforms: high-end laptops running 64-bit Mac OS X and Linux/Ubuntu; a board featuring a 32-bit ARM Cortex-A15 and running 32-bit Linux/Ubuntu; several embedded cards featuring either an ARM Cortex-M0+, a Cortex-M3, or a Cortex-M4 32-bit microcontroller, all of them running RIOT [Baccelli18]; two low-end embedded cards featuring either a 16-bit microcontroller (TI MSP430) or an 8-bit microcontroller (Arduino ATMEGA2560), both of them running RIOT. This specification only outputs 32-bit unsigned pseudorandom numbers and does not try to map this output to a smaller integer range (e.g., between 10 and 49 inclusive). If a specific use case needs such a mapping, it will have to provide its own function. In that case, if PRNG determinism is also required, the use of a floating point (single or double precision) to perform this mapping should probably be avoided, as these calculations may lead to different rounding errors across different target platforms. Great care should also be taken to not introduce biases in the randomness of the mapped output (which may be the case with some mapping algorithms) incompatible with the use-case requirements. The details of how to perform such a mapping are out of scope of this document. 3. Security Considerations The authors do not believe the present specification generates specific security risks per se. However, the TinyMT and MT PRNG must not be used for cryptographic applications. 4. IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions. 5. References 5.1. Normative References [C99] International Organization for Standardization, "Programming languages - C: C99, correction 3:2007", ISO/ IEC 9899:1999/Cor 3:2007, November 2007. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . 5.2. Informative References [AdaptiveCrush] Haramoto, H., "Automation of Statistical Tests on Randomness to Obtain Clearer Conclusion", Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2008, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04107-5_26, November 2009, . [Baccelli18] Baccelli, E., Gundogan, C., Hahm, O., Kietzmann, P., Lenders, M. S., Petersen, H., Schleiser, K., Schmidt, T. C., and M. Wahlisch, "RIOT: An Open Source Operating System for Low-End Embedded Devices in the IoT", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Volume 5, Issue 6, DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2815038, December 2018, . [KR12] Rikitake, K., "TinyMT pseudo random number generator for Erlang", Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN Erlang Workshop, pp. 67-72, DOI 10.1145/2364489.2364504, September 2012, . [MT98] Matsumoto, M. and T. Nishimura, "Mersenne twister: A 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudo-random number generator", ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS), Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 3-30, DOI 10.1145/272991.272995, January 1998, . [PTVF92] Press, W., Teukolsky, S., Vetterling, W., and B. Flannery, "Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43108-5, 1992. [RFC5170] Roca, V., Neumann, C., and D. Furodet, "Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Staircase and Triangle Forward Error Correction (FEC) Schemes", RFC 5170, DOI 10.17487/RFC5170, June 2008, . [RFC8681] Roca, V. and B. Teibi, "Sliding Window Random Linear Code (RLC) Forward Erasure Correction (FEC) Schemes for FECFRAME", RFC 8681, DOI 10.17487/RFC8681, January 2020, . [TestU01] L'Ecuyer, P. and R. Simard, "TestU01: A C library for empirical testing of random number generators", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), Volume 33, Issue 4, Article 22, DOI 10.1145/1268776.1268777, August 2007, . [TinyMT-dev] "Tiny Mersenne Twister (TinyMT)", commit 9d7ca3c, March 2018, . [TinyMT-params] "TinyMT pre-calculated parameter list", commit 30079eb, March 2013, . [TinyMT-web] Saito, M. and M. Matsumoto, "Tiny Mersenne Twister (TinyMT)", . Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Belkacem Teibi, with whom we explored TinyMT32 specificities when looking to an alternative to the Park- Miller Linear Congruential PRNG. The authors would also like to thank Carl Wallace; Stewart Bryant; Greg Skinner; Mike Heard; the three TSVWG chairs, Wesley Eddy (our shepherd), David Black, and Gorry Fairhurst; as well as Spencer Dawkins and Mirja Kuehlewind. Last but not least, the authors are really grateful to the IESG members, in particular Benjamin Kaduk, Eric Rescorla, Adam Roach, Roman Danyliw, Barry Leiba, Martin Vigoureux, and Eric Vyncke for their highly valuable feedback that greatly contributed to improving this specification. Authors' Addresses Mutsuo Saito Hiroshima University Japan Email: saito@math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp Makoto Matsumoto Hiroshima University Japan Email: m-mat@math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp Vincent Roca (editor) INRIA Univ. Grenoble Alpes France Email: vincent.roca@inria.fr Emmanuel Baccelli INRIA France Email: emmanuel.baccelli@inria.fr
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