exacerbated; exacerbating
Did you know?The Latin adjective acer, meaning "sharp," forms the basis of a number of English words. Acerbic ("having a bitter temper or sour mood"), acrid ("having a sharp taste or odor"), and acrimony ("a harsh manner or disposition") are just the tip of the jagged iceberg. First appearing in English in the 17th century, exacerbate combines the Latin prefix ex- ("out of" or "outside") with acer offspring acerbus, meaning "harsh" or "bitter." Just as pouring salt in a wound worsens pain, things that exacerbate cause a situation to go from bad to worse. A pointed insult or cutting remark, for example, might exacerbate tensions between two bitter rivals. The legacy of acer isn't all negative, however. The Latin name for the genus of maple trees and shrubs is Acer, owing to maples’ characteristically pointy leaves.
Did you know?Exacerbate vs. Exasperate
Exacerbate is frequently confused with exasperate, and with good reason. Not only do these words resemble one another in spelling and pronunciation, they also at one time held exceedingly similar meanings. Exasperate is today most commonly used as a synonym of annoy, but for several hundred years it also had the meanings “to make more grievous” and “to make harsh or harsher.” Exacerbate is now the more common choice of these two words when one seeks to indicate that something is becoming increasingly bitter, violent, or unpleasant. It comes in part from the Latin word acer, meaning “sharp,” whereas exasperate is from asper, the Latin word for “rough.”
Examples of exacerbate in a Sentence Recent Examples on the Web Examples are automatically compiled from online sources to show current usage. Read More Opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. Carolina’s just a lot deeper than New Jersey, and that’s exacerbated by who’s missing from the lineup. —James Mirtle, New York Times, 29 Apr. 2025 Rudolf’s death surely exacerbated Elisabeth’s desire to extricate herself from the public and physical world—a longing that was also reflected in her obsession with self-improvement and self-edification. —Elizabeth Djinis, Smithsonian Magazine, 28 Apr. 2025 For them and others, the government’s COVID policies exacerbated those feelings, which now may inform vaccine views. —Karlyn Bowman, Forbes.com, 28 Apr. 2025 Dealers mix fentanyl with other drugs to increase profits, and fentanyl’s effects on users are exacerbated by an evolving array of cuts, notably xylazine (a.k.a. —Jason Motlagh, Rolling Stone, 27 Apr. 2025 See All Example Sentences for exacerbate Word HistoryEtymology
borrowed from Latin exacerbātus, past participle of exacerbāre "to irritate, exasperate, make worse," from ex- ex- entry 1 + acerbāre "to make bitter, make worse," verbal derivative of acerbus "acid, bitter, bitterly hostile, distressing" — more at acerb
First Known Use
1660, in the meaning defined above
Time Traveler
The first known use of exacerbate was in 1660 Cite this Entry“Exacerbate.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exacerbate. Accessed 10 May. 2025.
Last Updated: 2 May 2025 - Updated example sentencesLove words? Need even more definitions?
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