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Python Requests - GeeksforGeeks

Python Requests

Last Updated : 31 Jul, 2025

Python Requests Library is a simple and powerful tool to send HTTP requests and interact with web resources. It allows you to easily send GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, HEAD requests to web servers, handle responses, and work with REST APIs and web scraping tasks.

Why do we need Requests Library

Simplifies HTTP Requests: Makes sending GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc., as easy as calling a function.
Manages Sessions & Auth: Handles cookies, sessions, headers, and various authentication methods.
Ideal for REST APIs: Perfect for consuming or testing RESTful services.
Supports All HTTP Methods: Full support for common and custom HTTP verbs.
Built-in SSL & Error Handling: Automatically manages SSL verification and error handling.

Installation

To install requests library via pip, use the following command:

pip install requests

Syntax

requests.get(url, params={key: value}, **kwargs)

Parameter:

url: The URL you want to send the request to. (Required)
params: Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for GET requests. (Optional)
**kwargs: Additional optional arguments such as headers, cookies, authentication, timeout, proxies, verify (SSL), stream, etc.

Return Type: It returns a response object.

Making a Simple GET Request

Let's try making a get request to URL: "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/".

Python


 import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/")
print(response.status_code)

Output

200

Explanation:

requests.get() sends a GET request to the specified URL.
response.status_code returns the HTTP status code (200 means success).

Sending GET Requests with Parameters

Let's demonstrate how to make a GET request to an endpoint. The GET method sends encoded user information appended to the page request.

Example: Let's try making a request to github's APIs for example purposes.

Python


 import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/users/naveenkrnl")
print(response.status_code)
print(response.content)

Output

Output of Sending GET request with parameter

For more, visit: GET method – Python requests

HTTP Request Methods Method Description GET Retrieve information from the server POST Send data to the server to create/update resources PUT Replace the target resource with new data. DELETE The DELETE method deletes the specified resource HEAD Retrieve headers only (no body) PATCH Apply partial modifications to a resource Response object

Whenever you send a request, the server returns a Response object. It contains useful information like status code, headers, content, and more. Response object can be used to imply lots of features, methods, and functionalities.

Example:

Python


 import requests
response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/')
print(response.url)
print(response.status_code)

Output

Output of Response object

Explanation:

response.url returns the final URL after redirections.
response.status_code shows the HTTP status of the request.
Status code 200 indicates that request was made successfully.

Response Methods Method Description response.headers response.headers returns a dictionary of response headers. response.encoding response.encoding returns the encoding used to decode response.content. response.elapsed response.elapsed returns a timedelta object with the time elapsed from sending the request to the arrival of the response. response.close() response.close() closes the connection to the server. response.content response.content returns the content of the response, in bytes. response.cookies response.cookies returns a CookieJar object with the cookies sent back from the server. response.history response.history returns a list of response objects holding the history of request (url). response.is_permanent_redirect response.is_permanent_redirect returns True if the response is the permanent redirected url, otherwise False. response.is_redirect response.is_redirect returns True if the response was redirected, otherwise False. response.iter_content() response.iter_content() iterates over the response.content. response.json() response.json() returns a JSON object of the result (if the result was written in JSON format, if not it raises an error). response.url response.url returns the URL of the response. response.text response.text returns the content of the response, in unicode. response.status_code response.status_code returns a number that indicates the status (200 is OK, 404 is Not Found). response.request response.request returns the request object that requested this response. response.reason response.reason returns a text corresponding to the status code. response.raise_for_status() response.raise_for_status() returns an HTTPError object if an error has occurred during the process. response.ok response.ok returns True if the status code is less than 400 and greater than or equal to 200; otherwise, it returns False response.links response.links returns the header links. POST Request Example Python


 import requests
payload = {'username': 'test', 'password': 'test123'}
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(response.text)

Output

Output of POST request

Explanation:

Sends form data to the server.
data=payload sends the data in the request body.
The server echoes back the data for testing.

Authentication using Python Requests

Authentication refers to giving a user permissions to access a particular resource. Since, everyone can't be allowed to access data from every URL, one would require authentication primarily. To achieve this authentication, typically one provides authentication data through Authorization header or a custom header defined by server.

Requests module makes this simple using HTTPBasicAuth.

Example:

Python


 import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))
print(response.status_code)

Output

401

Explanation:

Replace 'user' and 'pass' with your credentials (username and password).
Automatically handles HTTP Basic Authentication.

For more visit - Authentication using Python requests

SSL Certificate Verification

Requests verifies SSL certificates for HTTPS requests, just like a web browser. SSL Certificates are small data files that digitally bind a cryptographic key to an organization's details. Often, an website with a SSL certificate is termed as secure website. By default, SSL verification is enabled, and Requests will throw a SSLError if it’s unable to verify the certificate.

Accessing a site with invalid SSL:

Let us try to access a website with an invalid SSL certificate, using Python requests

Python


 import requests
response = requests.get('https://expired.badssl.com/', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

Output

Output of Accessing a site with valid SSL

Explanation: Setting verify=False disables SSL verification (not recommended for production).

Providing a custom certificate:

The above website doesn't have SSL setup so it raises this error, one can also pass the link to the certificate for validation via python requests only.

Python


 import requests
response = requests.get('https://github.com/', verify='/path/to/certfile')
print(response.status_code)

This would work in case the path provided is correct for SSL certificate for github.com.

For more visit- SSL Certificate Verification – Python requests

Session Objects

Session objects allow you to persist settings across multiple requests, such as headers, cookies, and connection pooling. So if several requests are being made to the same host, the underlying TCP connection will be reused, which can result in a significant performance increase. A session object all the methods as of requests.

Using Session Objects

Let us illustrate use of session objects by setting a cookie to a url and then making a request again to check if cookie is set.

Python


 import requests

# Create a session object
session = requests.Session()

# Set a cookie
session.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')

# Access the cookie in the next request
response = session.get('https://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

Output

Output of Session objects

Explanation:

Session() maintains cookies across requests.
Connection pooling improves performance when making multiple requests to the same server.

For more, visit - Session Objects – Python requests

Error Handling with Requests

If this code doesn't print anything, it means request was successful and no errors occurred during the process.

Python


 import requests

try:
    response = requests.get("https://www.example.com/", timeout=5)
    response.raise_for_status()
except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as errh:
    print("HTTP Error:", errh)
except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as errc:
    print("Connection Error:", errc)
except requests.exceptions.Timeout as errt:
    print("Timeout Error:", errt)
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:
    print("Something Else:", err)

Explanation:

Always handle errors like connection issues, timeouts, or bad responses.
raise_for_status() raises an exception for HTTP errors automatically.

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