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Python - Join Tuples if similar initial element

Sometimes, while working with Python tuples, we can have a problem in which we need to perform concatenation of records from the similarity of initial element. This problem can have applications in data domains such as Data Science. Let's discuss certain ways in which this task can be performed.

Input  : test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (5, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)] 
Output : [(5, 6, 7, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)] 

Input  : test_list = [(5, 6), (6, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)] 
Output : [(5, 6), (6, 7, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Method #1 : Using loop 

This is brute way in which this task can be done. In this, we create new tuple, if we find no occurrence of similar tuple values previously. Slicing is used to add rest of elements to created tuple. 

# Python3 code to demonstrate working of
# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using loop

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using loop
res = []
for sub in test_list:
    if res and res[-1][0] == sub[0]:
        res[-1].extend(sub[1:])
    else:
        res.append([ele for ele in sub])
res = list(map(tuple, res))

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Time complexity: O(n) where n is the number of tuples in the list.
Auxiliary space: O(n) where n is the number of tuples in the list.

Method #2 : Using defaultdict() + loop 

The combination of above functions can be used to solve this problem. The advantages it offers from above method are, that it reduces one check of initializing new key, and also works well even if similar elements are not consecutive. 

# Python3 code to demonstrate working of
# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using defaultdict() + loop
from collections import defaultdict

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using defaultdict() + loop
mapp = defaultdict(list)
for key, val in test_list:
    mapp[key].append(val)
res = [(key, *val) for key, val in mapp.items()]

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space: O(n)

Method #3: Using for loop

# Python3 code to demonstrate working of
# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using loop

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using loop
res = []
x = []
for i in test_list:
    if i[0] not in x:
        x.append(i[0])
for i in x:
    p = []
    p.append(i)
    for j in test_list:
        if i == j[0]:
            p.append(j[1])
    res.append(p)

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [[5, 6, 7], [6, 8, 10], [7, 13]]

Time complexity: O(n^2), where n is the length of the input list test_list. 
Auxiliary space: O(n), where n is the length of the input list test_list.

Method #4: using dictionary and list comprehension

step-by-step algorithm for the given approach

1. Initialize an empty dictionary temp_dict to store the unique initial elements as keys and a list of corresponding second elements as values.
2. Iterate through each tuple x in the given list test_list.
3. If the initial element of x already exists as a key in temp_dict, then append the second element of x to the corresponding value list.
   If the initial element of x does not exist as a key in temp_dict, then add the initial element as a new key and a list containing the second element as its value.
4. After all tuples are processed, create a new list res by iterating through the key-value pairs of temp_dict, and joining each key with its corresponding list of values.
5. Return the final list res as the result.

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using dictionary and list comprehension
temp_dict = {}
for x in test_list:
    temp_dict[x[0]] = temp_dict.get(x[0], []) + list(x[1:])

res = [(k,) + tuple(v) for k, v in temp_dict.items()]

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Time Complexity:

The time complexity of the above algorithm is O(n), where n is the length of test_list. It requires one traversal of test_list and temp_dict.

Auxiliary Space:

The auxiliary space complexity of the above algorithm is O(n), where n is the length of test_list. It requires temp_dict to store the values extracted from test_list. The size of temp_dict will be proportional to the number of unique keys in test_list.

Method #5: Using itertools.groupby()

Step-by-step approach:

• Import groupby from itertools.
• Loop through the groups in test_list generated by groupby function. Group the tuples based on their first element (key=lambda x: x[0]).
• Extract the values of each group and store them in a list (values).
• Append a new tuple to the result list res that contains the key and all the values.
• Print the result.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

from itertools import groupby

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using itertools.groupby()
res = []
for k, g in groupby(test_list, key=lambda x: x[0]):
    values = [v for _, v in g]
    res.append((k, *values))

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Time complexity: O(n log n), where n is the length of test_list because we are sorting the input list by the first element before grouping.
Auxiliary space: O(n), where n is the length of test_list because we are creating a new list to store the result.

Method #6: Using pandas

Import the pandas library.
Create a DataFrame from the list test_list, with column names "A" and "B" for the two elements in each tuple.
Group the DataFrame by column "A" and aggregate column "B" as a list for each group.
Reset the index of the resulting DataFrame.
Convert the DataFrame to a list of tuples.

# Define the list test_list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# Import the pandas library
import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame from the list test_list
df = pd.DataFrame(test_list, columns=["A", "B"])

# Group the DataFrame by column A and aggregate column B as a list for each group
grouped = df.groupby("A")["B"].apply(list)

# Convert the resulting Series to a list of tuples
res = [tuple([k] + v) for k, v in grouped.items()]

# Print the result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

OUTPUT : 
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

Time complexity: O(n log n), where n is the length of test_list. 
Auxiliary space: O(n), where n is the length of test_list. 

Method #7 : Using recursion

Step-by-step approach:

Define a recursive function that takes the input list and an index as parameters.
Inside the function, check if the index is equal to the length of the list minus 1. If it is, return the list.
Otherwise, compare the initial element of the tuple at the current index with the initial element of the tuple at the next index.
If they are the same, concatenate the tuples and recursively call the function with the updated list and index.
If they are different, recursively call the function with the original list and the next index.
Call the recursive function with the input list and index 0.
Print the extracted elements.

# Python3 code to demonstrate working of
# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using recursion

def join_tuples(test_list, index):
    if index == len(test_list) - 1:
        return test_list
    elif test_list[index][0] == test_list[index + 1][0]:
        test_list[index] += test_list[index + 1][1:]
        test_list.pop(index + 1)
        return join_tuples(test_list, index)
    else:
        return join_tuples(test_list, index + 1)

# initializing list
test_list = [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]

# printing original list
print("The original list is : " + str(test_list))

# Join Tuples if similar initial element
# Using recursion
res = join_tuples(test_list, 0)

# printing result
print("The extracted elements : " + str(res))

The original list is : [(5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8), (6, 10), (7, 13)]
The extracted elements : [(5, 6, 7), (6, 8, 10), (7, 13)]

The time complexity of this method is O(n^2) in the worst case, where n is the length of the input list. 

The auxiliary space complexity is O(1) since the modifications are done in-place.

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