Home - News ( United States | United Kingdom | Italy | Germany ) - Football scores

Showing content from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python/python-dir-function/ below:

dir() function in Python - GeeksforGeeks

The dir() function is a built-in Python tool used to list the attributes (like methods, variables, etc.) of an object. It helps inspect modules, classes, functions, and even user-defined objects during development and debugging.

dir([object])

Parameters: 

• object (optional): Any Python object (like list, dict, class, module, etc.)

Return Type: A list of names (strings) representing the attributes of the object or current scope.

• Without arguments: Lists names in the current local scope.
• With modules: Lists all available functions, classes, and constants.
• With user-defined objects: Lists all attributes, including user-defined ones (if __dir__ is defined).
• With built-in objects: Lists all valid attributes and methods.

In this example, we are using the dir() function to list object attributes and methods in Python. It provides a demonstration for exploring the available functions and objects in our Python environment.

print(dir())

import random
import math

print(dir())

Output:

['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'traceback']

['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'math', 'random', 'traceback']

Explanation:

• dir() lists names in the current local scope.
• Notice that after importing modules, the list includes random, math, etc, which were not present before importing them.

This example demonstrates how dir() can explore all the attributes inside a module like random.

import random

print("Attributes in random module:")
print(dir(random))

Output:

Attributes in random module:

['BPF', 'LOG4', 'NV_MAGICCONST', 'RECIP_BPF', 'Random', 'SG_MAGICCONST', 'SystemRandom', 'TWOPI', '_ONE', '_Sequence', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '_accumulate', '_acos', '_bisect', '_ceil', '_cos', '_e', '_exp', '_fabs', '_floor', '_index', '_inst', '_isfinite', '_lgamma', '_log', '_log2', '_os', '_pi', '_random', '_repeat', '_sha512', '_sin', '_sqrt', '_test', '_test_generator', '_urandom', '_warn', 'betavariate', 'binomialvariate', 'choice', 'choices', 'expovariate', 'gammavariate', 'gauss', 'getrandbits', 'getstate', 'lognormvariate', 'normalvariate', 'paretovariate', 'randbytes', 'randint', 'random', 'randrange', 'sample', 'seed', 'setstate', 'shuffle', 'triangular', 'uniform', 'vonmisesvariate', 'weibullvariate']

Explanation: Passing random lists all constants, functions, and classes available in the module

Here, we pass a list and a dictionary to dir() to explore their available methods.

geeks = ["geeksforgeeks", "gfg", "Computer Science",
                    "Data Structures", "Algorithms" ]

d = {}

print(dir(geeks))

print(dir(d))

Output:

['__add__', '__class__', '__class_getitem__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getstate__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
['__class__', '__class_getitem__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getstate__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__ior__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__ror__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values']

Explanation:

• dir(my_list) returns all methods available to a list (e.g., append, sort, etc.)
• dir(my_dict) returns methods for dictionaries (e.g., keys, values, etc.)

You can define your own class and customize what dir() returns using the __dir__() method.

class Cart:
    def __dir__(self):
        return ['item', 'price', 'quantity']

c = Cart()
print(dir(c))

['item', 'price', 'quantity']

Explanation:

• Cart class defines a custom __dir__() method.
• dir(c) returns the list defined inside __dir__.

Also Read: __dir__(), objects.

RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue

Search and Browse the WWW like it's 1997 | Search results from DuckDuckGo

HTML: 3.2 | Encoding: UTF-8 | Version: 0.7.4