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MongoDB and Python - GeeksforGeeks

Last Updated : 26 Jul, 2025

MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database designed to handle large volumes of data using collections and documents instead of tables. Its documents, similar to JSON, are stored in BSON format to support more data types. Combined with Python and libraries like pymongo, it allows developers to efficiently perform database operations and build scalable, data-driven applications.

• Easily handles large, unstructured or semi-structured data using flexible document-based storage.
• Stores data in JSON-like format, making it a good fit for Python dictionaries.
• Great for real-time applications and big data projects with changing data models.
• Supports fast read/write operations, ideal for dynamic web apps and APIs.
• Works well with Python libraries like pymongo for smooth database integration.

Start MongoDB from the command prompt using the following command:

If starting with default settings:

mongod

When running directly with custom data directory:

mongod --dbpath "C:\data"

If MongoDB is installed as a Windows service:

net start MongoDB

See port number by default is set 27017 (last 2-3 lines in above image).

PyMongo is the native Python library for MongoDB.

To install PyMongo, open Command Prompt and run:

pip install pymongo

After installation, open a Python environment and import the library:

from pymongo import MongoClient

To connect to a local MongoDB server, create a MongoClient object:

client = MongoClient()

Connect to the default MongoDB host and port (localhost:27017) using the following command to create a MongoClient explicitly.

client = MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")

To connect to a cloud-based MongoDB database like MongoDB Atlas, follow these steps:

1. Create a MongoDB Atlas Account: Go to MongoDB Atlas and create an account if you don't already have one. Once logged in, create a new project, cluster, and database.

2. Get the Connection String: After creating the cluster, navigate to the Clusters tab, click Connect, and choose Connect your application. Select Python and copy the provided connection string.

3. The connection string typically looks like this:

mongodb+srv://<username>:<password>@cluster0.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority

4. Use the Connection String in Python: Replace <username> and <password> with your MongoDB Atlas credentials.

client = MongoClient("mongodb+srv://<username>:<password>@cluster0.mongodb.net/test?retryWrites=true&w=majority")

This will connect your Python application to the cloud-based MongoDB cluster.

To create a database or switch to an existing database use:

mydatabase = client["my_database"]

Or:

mydatabase = client.my_database

Note: Database names should not contain dashes (-). The names like my-Table will raise an error. Use underscores (_) instead.

Collections are equivalent to Tables in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). A collection in PyMongo is accessed similarly to how tables are accessed in RDBMS.

To access the table, table name “myTable” of the database “mydatabase”.

mycollection = mydatabase[‘myTable’]

MongoDB store the database in the form of dictionaries as shown:

record = {
title: 'MongoDB and Python',
description: 'MongoDB is no SQL database',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
viewers: 104
}

‘_id’ is a 12 bytes hexadecimal number. A special key which uniquely identifies each document in a collection and automatically added when not added explicitly.

Methods used:

insert_one() or insert_many()

Insert the document into a collection:

rec = mycollection.insert_one(record)

The complete code looks like this when implemented:

from pymongo import MongoClient
client=MongoClient()

client = MongoClient(“mongodb://localhost:27017/”)

mydb = client[‘my_database’]
mycollection = mydb[‘myTable’]

record = {
title: 'MongoDB and Python', 
description: 'MongoDB is no SQL database', 
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'], 
viewers: 104 
}

rec = mydb.myTable.insert(record)

Certain query functions are used to filter data in a MongoDB database. Among them, the two most commonly used are:

find(): used to retrieve multiple documents from a collection that match a given query.

for i in mycollection.find({"title": "MongoDB and Python"}):
      print(i)

count_documents(): used to count the number of documents in a collection that match a specific query.

count = mycollection.count_documents({"title": "MongoDB and Python"})
print(count)

To print all the documents/entries inside 'myTable' of database 'mydatabase':

from pymongo import MongoClient

try:
    conn = MongoClient("localhost", 27017)
    print("Connected successfully!")
except Exception as e:
    print("Could not connect to MongoDB:", e)

db = conn["mydatabase"]

collection = db["myTable"]
for record in collection.find():
    print(record)

Explanation:

• connects to the local MongoDB server on port 27017 using MongoClient.
• accesses the mydatabase database and myTable collection.
• uses find() to retrieve all documents from the collection and prints it.

• MongoDB : An introduction
• MongoDB and PyMongo Installation Guide

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