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Inheritance in Python - GeeksforGeeks

Last Updated : 11 Jul, 2025

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class (called a child or derived class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (called a parent or base class). This promotes code reuse, modularity, and a hierarchical class structure. In this article, we'll explore inheritance in Python.

Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and properties from another class.

# Parent class
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # Initialize the name attribute

    def speak(self):
        pass  # Placeholder method to be overridden by child classes

# Child class inheriting from Animal
class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return f"{self.name} barks!"  # Override the speak method

# Creating an instance of Dog
dog = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog.speak())  

• Animal is the parent class with an __init__ method and a speak method.
• Dog is the child class that inherits from Animal.
• The speak method is overridden in the Dog class to provide specific behavior.

Let's understand inheritance in detail:

class ParentClass:

# Parent class code here
pass

class ChildClass(ParentClass):

# Child class code here
pass

1. Parent Class:
   • This is the base class from which other classes inherit.
   • It contains attributes and methods that the child class can reuse.
2. Child Class:
   • This is the derived class that inherits from the parent class.
   • The syntax for inheritance is class ChildClass(ParentClass).
   • The child class automatically gets all attributes and methods of the parent class unless overridden.

In object-oriented programming, a parent class (also known as a base class) defines common attributes and methods that can be inherited by other classes. These attributes and methods serve as the foundation for the child classes. By using inheritance, child classes can access and extend the functionality provided by the parent class.

Here's an example where Person is the parent class:

# A Python program to demonstrate inheritance
class Person(object):
  
  # Constructor
  def __init__(self, name, id):
    self.name = name
    self.id = id

  # To check if this person is an employee
  def Display(self):
    print(self.name, self.id)


# Driver code
emp = Person("Satyam", 102) # An Object of Person
emp.Display()

Explanation:

• The Person class has two attributes: name and id. These are set when an object of the class is created.
• The display method prints the name and id of the person.

A child class (also known as a subclass) is a class that inherits properties and methods from its parent class. The child class can also introduce additional attributes and methods, or even override the ones inherited from the parent.

In this case, Emp is the child class that inherits from the Person class:

class Emp(Person):
  
  def Print(self):
    print("Emp class called")
    
Emp_details = Emp("Mayank", 103)

# calling parent class function
Emp_details.Display()

# Calling child class function
Emp_details.Print()

Explanation:

• Emp class inherits the name and id attributes and the display method from the Person class.
• __init__ method in Emp calls super().__init__(name, id) to invoke the constructor of the Person class and initialize the inherited attributes.
• Emp introduces an additional attribute, role, and also overrides the display method to print the role in addition to the name and id.

__init__() function is a constructor method in Python. It initializes the object's state when the object is created. If the child class does not define its own __init__() method, it will automatically inherit the one from the parent class.

In the example above, the __init__() method in the Employee class ensures that both inherited and new attributes are properly initialized.

# Parent Class: Person
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber):
        self.name = name
        self.idnumber = idnumber

# Child Class: Employee
class Employee(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):
        super().__init__(name, idnumber)  # Calls Person's __init__()
        self.salary = salary
        self.post = post

Explanation:

• __init__() method in Person initializes name and idnumber.
• __init__() method in Employee calls super().__init__(name, idnumber) to initialize the name and idnumber inherited from the Person class and adds salary and post.

super() function is used to call the parent class’s methods. In particular, it is commonly used in the child class’s __init__() method to initialize inherited attributes. This way, the child class can leverage the functionality of the parent class.

Example:

# Parent Class: Person
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber):
        self.name = name
        self.idnumber = idnumber

    def display(self):
        print(self.name)
        print(self.idnumber)

# Child Class: Employee
class Employee(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):
        super().__init__(name, idnumber)  # Using super() to call Person's __init__()
        self.salary = salary
        self.post = post

Explanation:

• The super() function is used inside the __init__() method of Employee to call the constructor of Person and initialize the inherited attributes (name and idnumber).
• This ensures that the parent class functionality is reused without needing to rewrite the code in the child class.

Once inheritance is established, both the parent and child classes can have their own properties. Properties are attributes that belong to a class and are used to store data.

Example:

# Parent Class: Person
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber):
        self.name = name
        self.idnumber = idnumber

    def display(self):
        print(self.name)
        print(self.idnumber)

# Child Class: Employee
class Employee(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, idnumber, salary, post):
        super().__init__(name, idnumber)
        self.salary = salary
        self.post = post

Explanation:

• Person class has properties name and idnumber.
• Employee class adds properties salary and post.
• The properties are initialized when an object is created, and they represent the specific data related to the Person and Employee.

1. Single Inheritance: A child class inherits from one parent class.
2. Multiple Inheritance: A child class inherits from more than one parent class.
3. Multilevel Inheritance: A class is derived from a class which is also derived from another class.
4. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single parent class.
5. Hybrid Inheritance: A combination of more than one type of inheritance.

Example:

# 1. Single Inheritance
class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Employee(Person):  # Employee inherits from Person
    def __init__(self, name, salary):
        super().__init__(name)
        self.salary = salary

# 2. Multiple Inheritance
class Job:
    def __init__(self, salary):
        self.salary = salary

class EmployeePersonJob(Employee, Job):  # Inherits from both Employee and Job
    def __init__(self, name, salary):
        Employee.__init__(self, name, salary)  # Initialize Employee
        Job.__init__(self, salary)            # Initialize Job

# 3. Multilevel Inheritance
class Manager(EmployeePersonJob):  # Inherits from EmployeePersonJob
    def __init__(self, name, salary, department):
        EmployeePersonJob.__init__(self, name, salary)  # Explicitly initialize EmployeePersonJob
        self.department = department

# 4. Hierarchical Inheritance
class AssistantManager(EmployeePersonJob):  # Inherits from EmployeePersonJob
    def __init__(self, name, salary, team_size):
        EmployeePersonJob.__init__(self, name, salary)  # Explicitly initialize EmployeePersonJob
        self.team_size = team_size

# 5. Hybrid Inheritance (Multiple + Multilevel)
class SeniorManager(Manager, AssistantManager):  # Inherits from both Manager and AssistantManager
    def __init__(self, name, salary, department, team_size):
        Manager.__init__(self, name, salary, department)        # Initialize Manager
        AssistantManager.__init__(self, name, salary, team_size)  # Initialize AssistantManager

# Creating objects to show inheritance

# Single Inheritance
emp = Employee("John", 40000)
print(emp.name, emp.salary)

# Multiple Inheritance
emp2 = EmployeePersonJob("Alice", 50000)
print(emp2.name, emp2.salary)

# Multilevel Inheritance
mgr = Manager("Bob", 60000, "HR")
print(mgr.name, mgr.salary, mgr.department)

# Hierarchical Inheritance
asst_mgr = AssistantManager("Charlie", 45000, 10)
print(asst_mgr.name, asst_mgr.salary, asst_mgr.team_size)

# Hybrid Inheritance
sen_mgr = SeniorManager("David", 70000, "Finance", 20)
print(sen_mgr.name, sen_mgr.salary, sen_mgr.department, sen_mgr.team_size)

John 40000
Alice 50000
Bob 60000 HR
Charlie 45000 10
David 70000 Finance 20

Explanation:

1. Single Inheritance: Employee inherits from Person, adding a salary attribute.
2. Multiple Inheritance: EmployeePersonJob inherits from both Employee and Job, allowing access to both name and salary.
3. Multilevel Inheritance: Manager inherits from EmployeePersonJob, which already includes Employee and Job.
4. Hierarchical Inheritance: AssistantManager also inherits from EmployeePersonJob, demonstrating multiple child classes inheriting from the same parent.
5. Hybrid Inheritance: SeniorManager inherits from both Manager (multilevel) and AssistantManager (hierarchical), combining two inheritance types.

For more details please read this article: Types of inheritance in Python

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