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Dunder or magic methods in Python

Last Updated : 07 Aug, 2024

Python Magic methods are the methods starting and ending with double underscores '__'. They are defined by built-in classes in Python and commonly used for operator overloading. 

They are also called Dunder methods, Dunder here means "Double Under (Underscores)".

Built in classes define many magic methods, dir() function can show you magic methods inherited by a class.

Example:

This code displays the magic methods inherited by int class.

['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '_...

Or, you can try cmd/terminal to get the list of magic functions in Python, open cmd or terminal, type python3 to go to the Python console, and type:

>>> dir(int)

Output:

Below are the lists of Python magic methods and their uses.

Initialization and Construction

• __new__: To get called in an object's instantiation.
• __init__: To get called by the __new__ method.
• __del__: It is the destructor.

Numeric magic methods

• __trunc__(self): Implements behavior for math.trunc()
• __ceil__(self): Implements behavior for math.ceil()
• __floor__(self): Implements behavior for math.floor()
• __round__(self,n): Implements behavior for the built-in round()
• __invert__(self): Implements behavior for inversion using the ~ operator.
• __abs__(self): Implements behavior for the built-in abs()
• __neg__(self): Implements behavior for negation
• __pos__(self): Implements behavior for unary positive 

Arithmetic operators

• __add__(self, other): Implements behavior for the + operator (addition).
• __sub__(self, other): Implements behavior for the - operator (subtraction).
• __mul__(self, other): Implements behavior for the * operator (multiplication).
• __floordiv__(self, other): Implements behavior for the // operator (floor division).
• __truediv__(self, other): Implements behavior for the / operator (true division).
• __mod__(self, other): Implements behavior for the % operator (modulus).
• __divmod__(self, other): Implements behavior for the divmod() function.
• __pow__(self, other): Implements behavior for the ** operator (exponentiation).
• __lshift__(self, other): Implements behavior for the << operator (left bitwise shift).
• __rshift__(self, other): Implements behavior for the >> operator (right bitwise shift).
• __and__(self, other): Implements behavior for the & operator (bitwise and).
• __or__(self, other): Implements behavior for the | operator (bitwise or).
• __xor__(self, other): Implements behavior for the ^ operator (bitwise xor).
• __invert__(self): Implements behavior for bitwise NOT using the ~ operator.
• __neg__(self): Implements behavior for negation using the - operator.
• __pos__(self): Implements behavior for unary positive using the + operator.

String Magic Methods

• __str__(self): Defines behavior for when str() is called on an instance of your class.
• __repr__(self): To get called by built-int repr() method to return a machine readable representation of a type.
• __unicode__(self): This method to return an unicode string of a type.
• __format__(self, formatstr): return a new style of string.
• __hash__(self): It has to return an integer, and its result is used for quick key comparison in dictionaries.
• __nonzero__(self): Defines behavior for when bool() is called on an instance of your class. 
• __dir__(self): This method to return a list of attributes of a class.
• __sizeof__(self): It return the size of the object.

Comparison magic methods

• __eq__(self, other): Defines behavior for the equality operator, ==.
• __ne__(self, other): Defines behavior for the inequality operator, !=.
• __lt__(self, other): Defines behavior for the less-than operator, <.
• __gt__(self, other): Defines behavior for the greater-than operator, >.
• __le__(self, other): Defines behavior for the less-than-or-equal-to operator, <=.
• __ge__(self, other): Defines behavior for the greater-than-or-equal-to operator, >=.

Let's see some of the Python magic methods with examples:

The __init__ method for initialization is invoked without any call, when an instance of a class is created, like constructors in certain other programming languages such as C++, Java, C#, PHP, etc.

These methods are the reason we can add two strings with the '+' operator without any explicit typecasting. 

# declare our own string class
class String:
    
    # magic method to initiate object
    def __init__(self, string):
        self.string = string
        
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    # object creation
    string1 = String('Hello')

    # print object location
    print(string1)

<__main__.String object at 0x7f538c059050>

__repr__ method in Python defines how an object is presented as a string.

The below snippet of code prints only the memory address of the string object. Let's add a __repr__ method to represent our object. 

# declare our own string class
class String:
    
    # magic method to initiate object
    def __init__(self, string):
        self.string = string
        
    # print our string object
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)

# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    # object creation
    string1 = String('Hello')

    # print object location
    print(string1)

If we try to add a string to it:

# declare our own string class
class String:
    
    # magic method to initiate object
    def __init__(self, string):
        self.string = string
        
    # print our string object
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)

# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    # object creation
    string1 = String('Hello')
    
    # concatenate String object and a string
    print(string1 +' world')

Output:

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'String' and 'str'

__add__ method in Python defines how the objects of a class will be added together. It is also known as overloaded addition operator.

Now add __add__ method to String class : 

# declare our own string class
class String:
    
    # magic method to initiate object
    def __init__(self, string):
        self.string = string 
        
    # print our string object
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'Object: {}'.format(self.string)
        
    def __add__(self, other):
        return self.string + other

# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    # object creation
    string1 = String('Hello')
    
    # concatenate String object and a string
    print(string1 +' Geeks')

We have discussed some of the Python magic methods or Dunder methods. Magic methods in Python can be used to different functionalities in your class.

Hope you learn about Python magic methods from this article, and use it in your projects.

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