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PostgreSQL - IF Statement - GeeksforGeeks

Last Updated : 15 Jul, 2025

PostgreSQL IF statement is an essential tool for implementing conditional logic within SQL queries and stored procedures. It allows developers to execute different actions based on specific conditions and enhances the flexibility of database operations.

In this article, we will explore various PostgreSQL conditional statements by focusing on practical PostgreSQL IF examples that explain how to effectively utilize this powerful feature.

The IF statement in PostgreSQL is a conditional statement that allows us to execute certain actions based on whether a specified condition is true or false. It is widely used in stored procedures and functions to control the flow of execution.

By using the IF statement, we can enhance the logic of our SQL queries and ensure that specific tasks are performed only under certain conditions.

• Conditional Logic: IF statements allow us to incorporate complex logic into your SQL queries, enhancing the versatility of your data manipulation.
  
• Enhanced Control: By using conditional execution, we can determine which actions to perform based on specific criteria.
  
• Improved Readability: The use of IF statements can make our code more understandable, clearly outlining the logic behind different actions.

Syntax of PostgreSQL IF Statement

The basic syntax of the IF statement in PostgreSQL is as follows:

IF condition THEN
    -- statements to execute if condition is true
ELSE
    -- statements to execute if condition is false
END IF;

Explanation:

• condition: This is a logical expression that returns true or false.
  
• THEN: This keyword indicates the beginning of the block of statements that will execute if the condition evaluates to true.
  
• ELSE: This optional clause allows you to specify an alternative block of statements that will execute if the condition is false.
  
• END IF: This keyword marks the end of the IF statement block.

Let's create a simple function to explain the use of the IF statement. This function will check if a number is positive, negative, or zero.

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION check_number(num INT)
RETURNS TEXT AS $$
DECLARE
    result TEXT;
BEGIN
    IF num > 0 THEN
        result := 'Positive';
    ELSIF num < 0 THEN
        result := 'Negative';
    ELSE
        result := 'Zero';
    END IF;
    RETURN result;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Output:

You can call this function with different values to see the results:

SELECT check_number(10);  -- Output: Positive
SELECT check_number(-5);  -- Output: Negative
SELECT check_number(0);   -- Output: Zero

You can also use the IF statement within a SQL query, particularly when working with the CASE statement, which provides a more easy way to handle multiple conditions.

SELECT 
    employee_id,
    salary,
    CASE 
        WHEN salary > 50000 THEN 'High'
        WHEN salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000 THEN 'Medium'
        ELSE 'Low'
    END AS salary_category
FROM employees;

Output:

You can also nest IF statements for more complex logic. Here’s an example:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION categorize_score(score INT)
RETURNS TEXT AS $$
DECLARE
    category TEXT;
BEGIN
    IF score >= 90 THEN
        category := 'A';
    ELSIF score >= 80 THEN
        category := 'B';
    ELSIF score >= 70 THEN
        category := 'C';
    ELSE
        category := 'D';
    END IF;
    RETURN category;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Output:

You can test this function as follows:

SELECT categorize_score(85);  -- Output: B
SELECT categorize_score(92);  -- Output: A
SELECT categorize_score(67);  -- Output: D

• Clarity: Keep your conditions simple and straightforward to enhance code readability.
  
• Use CASE for Multiple Conditions: When dealing with multiple conditions, consider using the CASE statement for better readability and organization.
  
• Comment Your Code: Add comments to explain complex logic, especially if you are using nested IF statements.
  
• Performance Considerations: In performance-critical applications, consider how the use of IF statements may impact execution time, especially in large datasets.

In summary, the PostgreSQL IF statement is a important element for introducing conditional logic into your SQL queries and functions. By mastering PostgreSQL conditional statements, you can customize your database operations to handle various scenarios efficiently. The PostgreSQL IF examples presented in this article explain the versatility of using IF in PostgreSQL and allowing you to build more complex and responsive applications.

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