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Data Manipulation in Python using Pandas

Last Updated : 12 Jul, 2025

In Machine Learning, the model requires a dataset to operate, i.e. to train and test. But data doesn’t come fully prepared and ready to use. There are discrepancies like Nan/ Null / NA values in many rows and columns. Sometimes the data set also contains some of the rows and columns which are not even required in the operation of our model. In such conditions, it requires proper cleaning and modification of the data set to make it an efficient input for our model. We achieve that by practicing Data Wrangling before giving data input to the model.

Today, we will get to know some methods using Pandas which is a famous library of Python. And by using it we can make out data ready to use for training the model and hence getting some useful insights from the results.

Before moving forward, ensure that Pandas is installed in your system. If not, you can use the following command to install it:

pip install pandas

Let’s dive into the programming part. Our first aim is to create a Pandas dataframe in Python, as you may know, pandas is one of the most used libraries of Python.
Code: 

# Importing the pandas library
import pandas as pd

# creating a dataframe object
student_register = pd.DataFrame()

# assigning values to the 
# rows and columns of the dataframe
student_register['Name'] = ['Abhijit','Smriti',
                            'Akash', 'Roshni']
student_register['Age'] = [20, 19, 20, 14]
student_register['Student'] = [False, True,
                               True, False]

print(student_register)

Output:

      Name  Age  Student
0  Abhijit   20    False
1   Smriti   19     True
2    Akash   20     True
3   Roshni   14    False

As you can see, the dataframe object has four rows [0, 1, 2, 3] and three columns[“Name”, “Age”, “Student”] respectively. The column which contains the index values i.e. [0, 1, 2, 3] is known as the index column, which is a default part in pandas datagram. We can change that as per our requirement too because Python is powerful. 

Next, for some reason we want to add a new student in the datagram, i.e you want to add a new row to your existing data frame, that can be achieved by the following code snippet.
One important concept is that the “dataframe” object of Python, consists of rows which are “series” objects instead, stack together to form a table. Hence adding a new row means creating a new series object and appending it to the dataframe.
Code:

# creating a new pandas
# series object
new_person = pd.Series(['Mansi', 19, True], 
                       index = ['Name', 'Age', 
                                'Student'])

# using the .append() function
# to add that row to the dataframe
student_register.append(new_person, ignore_index = True)
print(student_register)

Output:

       Name  Age  Student
0  Abhijit   20    False
1   Smriti   19     True
2    Akash   20     True
3   Roshni   14    False

Till now, we got the gist of how we can create dataframe, and add data to it. But how will we perform these operations on a big dataset. For this let's take a new dataset

Let's exact information of each column, i.e. what type of value it stores and how many of them are unique. There are three support functions, .shape, .info() and .corr() which output the shape of the table, information on rows and columns, and correlation between numerical columns.
Code: 

# dimension of the dataframe
print('Shape: ')
print(student_register.shape)
print('--------------------------------------')
# showing info about the data 
print('Info: ')
print(student_register.info())
print('--------------------------------------')
# correlation between columns
print('Correlation: ')
print(student_register.corr())

Output:

Shape: 
(4, 3)
--------------------------------------
Info: 
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 4 entries, 0 to 3
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column   Non-Null Count  Dtype 
---  ------   --------------  ----- 
 0   Name     4 non-null      object
 1   Age      4 non-null      int64 
 2   Student  4 non-null      bool  
dtypes: bool(1), int64(1), object(1)
memory usage: 196.0+ bytes
None
--------------------------------------
Correlation: 
              Age   Student
Age      1.000000  0.502519
Student  0.502519  1.000000

In the above example, the .shape function gives an output (4, 3) as that is the size of the created dataframe.

The description of the output given by .info() method is as follows: 

1. RangeIndex describes about the index column, i.e. [0, 1, 2, 3] in our datagram. Which is the number of rows in our dataframe.
2. As the name suggests Data columns give the total number of columns as output.
3. Name, Age, Student are the name of the columns in our data, non-null tells us that in the corresponding column, there is no NA/ Nan/ None value exists. object, int64 and bool are the datatypes each column have.
4. dtype gives you an overview of how many data types present in the datagram, which in term simplifies the data cleaning process. 
   Also, in high-end machine learning models, memory usage is an important term, we can’t neglect that.

Before processing and wrangling any data you need to get the total overview of it, which includes statistical conclusions like standard deviation(std), mean and it’s quartile distributions.

# for showing the statistical 
# info of the dataframe
print('Describe')
print(student_register.describe())

Output:

Describe
             Age
count   4.000000
mean   18.250000
std     2.872281
min    14.000000
25%    17.750000
50%    19.500000
75%    20.000000
max    20.000000

The description of the output given by .describe() method is as follows: 

1. count is the number of rows in the dataframe.
2. mean is the mean value of all the entries in the “Age” column.
3. std is the standard deviation of the corresponding column.
4. min and max are the minimum and maximum entry in the column respectively.
5. 25%, 50% and 75% are the First Quartiles, Second Quartile(Median) and Third Quartile respectively, which gives us important info on the distribution of the dataset and makes it simpler to apply an ML model.

Let's drop a column from the data. We will use the drop function from the pandas. We will keep axis = 1 for columns.

students = student_register.drop('Age', axis=1)
print(students.head())

Output:

      Name  Student
0  Abhijit    False
1   Smriti     True
2    Akash     True
3   Roshni    False

From the output, we can see that the 'Age' column is dropped.

Let's try dropping a row from the dataset, for this, we will use drop function. We will keep axis=0.

students = students.drop(2, axis=0)
print(students.head())

Output:

      Name  Student
0  Abhijit    False
1   Smriti     True
3   Roshni    False

In the output we can see that the 2 row is dropped.

Data Manipulation in Python using Pandas

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