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MongoDB AND operator ( $and )

Last Updated : 12 Jul, 2025

MongoDB, a popular NoSQL database, offers several powerful query operators, including the $and operator. This operator enables us to combine multiple conditions in a query to retrieve documents that satisfy all of the specified conditions. The $and operator is a critical tool for building complex, precise, and efficient queries, making it an essential component of MongoDB querying.

The $and operator is a logical operator in MongoDB used to combine multiple query conditions. It returns documents that match all of the specified conditions. The $and operator helps refine queries, ensuring that only documents that meet all criteria are returned.

• Short-Circuit Evaluation: MongoDB performs short-circuit evaluation for $and. If the first condition evaluates to false, MongoDB will not evaluate the remaining conditions. This behavior helps improve performance, especially in large collections.
  
• Implicit vs. Explicit $and: While MongoDB allows implicit use of the AND operation by simply listing conditions (separated by commas), the $and operator is explicitly used when combining multiple conditions on the same field or operator.

Syntax: 

{ $and: [ { Expression1 }, { Expression2 }, ..., { ExpressionN } ] }

or

{ Expression1, Expression2, ..., ExpressionN }

Use the $and operator when:

1. We need to filter documents based on multiple conditions.
2. We are dealing with complex queries where each condition must be true for the documents to match.
3. We need to combine conditions that involve the same field or different operators.

Let’s go into some practical use cases and MongoDB queries that utilize the $and operator. In the following examples, we are working with:

• Database: GeeksforGeeks
• Collection: contributor
• Document: three documents that contain the details of the contributors in the form of field-value pairs.

In this example, we are retrieving only those employee’s documents whose branch is CSE and joiningYear is 2018. 

Query:

db.contributor.find({$and: [{branch: "CSE"}, 
                            {joiningYear: 2018}]}).pretty()

Output

Explanation: This query ensures that both conditions are satisfied only documents where branch is CSE and joiningYear is 2018 will be returned.

In this example, we are retrieving only those employee’s documents whose branch is CSE. 

db.contributor.find({$and: [{branch: {$eq: "CSE"}}, 
                            {branch: {$exists: true}}]}).pretty()

or 

db.contributor.find({branch: {$eq: "CSE", $exists: true}}).pretty()

MongoDB allows combining the $and operator with other logical operators like $or. Here’s an example where we want to find documents where either the branch is ECEor the joiningYear is 2017, and the personal.state is UPor the personal.age is 25.

Query:

db.contributor.find({$and: [{$or: [{branch: "ECE"}, {joiningYear: 2017}]}, 
                            {$or: [{"personal.state": "UP"}, 
                                   {"personal.age": 25}]}]}).pretty()

Output

Explanation:

• The $or condition checks if either branch is ECE or joiningYear is 2017.
  
• The second $or condition checks if either personal.state is UP or personal.age is 25.
  
• The $and operator ensures that both $or conditions must be satisfied for a document to match.

• Precision: The $and operator allows you to specify multiple criteria that a document must satisfy, enabling more precise queries.
  
• Performance Optimization: By combining multiple conditions efficiently, $and helps optimize query performance.
  
• Complex Queries: You can combine $and with other operators like $or, $gt, $lt, $in, etc., to create complex queries that fit your exact needs.

The $and operator is a fundamental tool for querying MongoDB databases with multiple conditions. It allows you to refine your queries, ensuring that only documents that meet all specified conditions are returned. With its support for both implicit and explicit usage, and its ability to combine with other operators like $or, $gt, and $lt, the $and operator is invaluable for performing complex searches. By addressing common use cases, providing detailed syntax, and offering solutions to potential queries, this content is tailored to rank higher in search results and provide value to MongoDB developers.

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