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File System Navigation Commands in Linux

Linux offers an alternative to the usual Windows and icons. The terminal might seem different at first, relying on text commands instead of a mouse. Unlike Windows, which relies heavily on a graphical interface, Linux gives you direct access to the core of your computer through text-based commands.

At the heart of Linux is its hierarchical file system, starting from the root directory /. Unlike Windows, which uses drive letters like C: or D:, Linux organizes all files and directories under this single root, creating a unified structure. This design allows for consistent navigation and management of files across the system.

In this article, you’ll be going through a demonstration of Navigation Commands in Linux which will help in quickly navigating in the Linux file system. Let’s go through them, but before that have a short idea of the difference between Linux and Windows file systems.

Windows and Linux differ significantly in how they organize, access, and manage files within their operating systems.

Feature

Windows

Linux

Structure

Drives (C:, D:, etc.) and folders

Single, unified tree structure starting from root (/)

Case Sensitivity

Not case-sensitive

Case-sensitive

File Permissions

Simpler (user accounts)

More granular control (user, group, others)

File System

Primarily NTFS

Ext4 (most common)

FAT32, NTFS (sometimes)

Overall Remarks

User-friendly, familiar interface

Flexible, powerful for advanced users

These commands help you navigate, organize, and manage files and directories within the Linux file system.

Linux Commands

Functions

pwd

Shows the current location.

ls

List files and folders.

cd

Change working directory.

mkdir

Used to create new folder.

rmdir

Remove an empty folder.

cp

Creating a copy of a file in a new location.

mv

Relocate files from one folder to another.

The pwd command shows the current location in the system. It tells you which folder you're currently in.

pwd

Observation

The current directory is /home/kali/Templates

The ls command is used to list the files and directories in the current directory. It provides an overview of what is inside a folder.

ls

Observation

All the files and folders present inside the current folder is listed.

The cd command is used to move between folders. You can tell it exactly which folder you want to go to (like giving it an address), or you can use shortcuts to get around. Let's look into both the methods.

If you want to move into a folder that's within the one you're already in, you can just use its name. For instance, if you're in your home directory and want to reach downloads.

cd [directory name]

cd Downloads

Observation

A. checking the current directory

B. using cd command to change the directory

C. observe the updated directory

Imagine telling someone the full address to find your house. Similarly, you can do the same by giving the complete path to the folder. For example, you want to access the documents folder inside the username folder.

cd  [directory path]
cd  /home/username/documents

Observation

Considering the above directory structure, the active directory was changed from Downloads to Documents by traversing from the home directory.

The mkdir command, an abbreviation for "make directory," allows you to create new folders within your existing file system. This provides a structured way to categorize and store your files.

mkdir [directory name]
mkdir GeeksForGeeks

Observation

A. User tried to create a new folder named GeeksForGeeks
B. changed the directory to newly created directory
C. The active directory is updated

The rmdir command, short for "remove directory," enables you to delete empty directories. This is useful for cleaning up unused folders and maintaining a streamlined file system.

The syntax for rmdir is:

rmdir [directory_name]

Note: rmdir can only delete empty directories.

Observation

Observe that the empty directory was removed.

The cp command acts like a duplicator, creating a copy of a file in a new location.

cp [source_file] [location]

For instance, to copy "image.jpg" from Downloads to Pictures while keeping the original, you'd use

cp ~/Downloads/image.jpg ~/Pictures

Obervation

A. Executing the copying command.
B. Changing the current active directory for checking.
C. Using the list command, we can observe that the image.jpg was copied.

The mv command is like a handy mover, allowing you to relocate files from one folder to another.

mv [source_file] [location]

For instance, to move a file named "image.jpg" from your Downloads folder to Documents, you'd use

mv  ~/Downloads/image.jpg  ~/Pictures

Observation

A. Executing the mv (move) command.
B. Changing the current active directory.
C. After executing ls (list) command, we can observe that the file has been transferred.

These quick symbols help you navigate the Linux file system more efficiently.

Serial No

Symbol

Symbol Name

Function

1

~

tilde

shortcut to your home base

2

.

dot

the folder you're in right now

3

..

double dot

the folder one level above

This symbol is like a shortcut to your home base. No matter where you are, typing tilde will always bring you back to your home folder.

cd ~

The active directory was updated to home.

This simply means the folder you're in right now. If you're already inside a folder and want to work with something there, you can use the dot symbol.

This means the folder one level above the one you're in, like going up a floor in a building. If you're deep inside folders and want to go back a step, this will take you to the bigger folder that contains the one you're in.

cd ..

Observation

A. The current directory is visible, and we execute the command.

B. The active directory is updated.

This command isn't exactly for moving around, but it helps you see all the folders at once. It shows how all the folders are connected, like a family tree, so you can understand the bigger picture.

tree

All the files and folders of the active directory is listed.

The Linux terminal might seem daunting at first, but with a handful of basic commands, you've unlocked the ability to navigate the file system with ease. By using pwd to check your location, cd to move around, and ~, ., and .. for shortcuts, you can efficiently access files and folders. Remember, the tree command provides a helpful visual map of the directory structure.

As you gain confidence, there's a whole world of commands waiting to be explored. You can learn to copy, move, and delete files, create new directories, and even edit text files directly from the terminal. The possibilities are vast!

Do check out GeeksforGeeks Linux/Unix Tutorial

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