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JavaScript Arithmetic Operators - GeeksforGeeks

Last Updated : 28 Jul, 2025

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators are the operator that operate upon the numerical values and return a numerical value.

The addition operator takes two numerical operands and gives their numerical sum. It also concatenates two strings or numbers.

// Number + Number => Addition 
let x = 1 + 2;
console.log( x );

// Number + String => Concatenation
let y =  5 + "hello"; 
console.log( y );

The subtraction operator gives the difference between two operands in the form of numerical value.

// Number - Number => Subtraction 
let x = 10 - 7;
console.log( x );

let y = "Hello" - 1; 
console.log( y );

The multiplication operator gives the product of operands where one operand is a multiplicand and another is multiplier.

// Number * Number => Multiplication
let x = 3 * 3;
let y = -4 * 4; 
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

let a = Infinity * 0;
let b = Infinity * Infinity;
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
let z = 'hi' * 2; 
console.log(z);

9
-16
NaN
Infinity
NaN

The division operator provides the quotient of its operands where the right operand is the divisor and the left operand is the dividend.

// Number / Number => Division
let x = 5 / 2;
let y = 1.0 / 2.0;
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

let a = 3.0 / 0;
let b = 4.0 / 0.0;
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
let z = 2.0 / -0.0;
console.log(z);

2.5
0.5
Infinity
Infinity
-Infinity

The modulus operator returns the remainder left over when a dividend is divided by a divisor. The modulus operator is also known as the remainder operator. It takes the sign of the dividend.

// Number % Number => Modulus of the number
let x = 9 % 5;
let y = -12 % 5;
let z = 1 % -2;
let a = 5.5 % 2;
let b = -4 % 2;
let c = NaN % 2;

console.log(x);
console.log(y);
console.log(z);
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(c);

The exponentiation operator gives the result of raising the first operand to the power of the second operand. The exponentiation operator is right-associative. 

In JavaScript, it is not possible to write an ambiguous exponentiation expression i.e. you cannot put an unary operator (+ / - / ~ / ! / delete / void) immediately before the base number.

// Number ** Number => Exponential of the number

// let x = -4 ** 2 // This is an incorrect expression
let y = -(4 ** 2);
let z = 2 ** 5;
let a = 3 ** 3;
let b = 3 ** 2.5; 
let c = 10 ** -2;
let d = 2 ** 3 ** 2; 
let e = NaN ** 2;

console.log(y);
console.log(z);
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(c);
console.log(d);
console.log(e);

-16
32
27
15.588457268119896
0.01
512
NaN

The increment operator increments (adds one to) its operand and returns a value.

• If used postfix with the operator after the operand (for example, x++), then it increments and returns the value before incrementing.
• If used prefix with the operator before the operand (for example, ++x), then it increments and returns the value after incrementing.

// Postfix 
let a = 2;
b = a++; // b = 2, a = 3

// Prefix
let x = 5;
y = ++x; // x = 6, y = 6

console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

The decrement operator decrements (subtracts one from) its operand and returns a value.

• If used postfix, with operator after operand (for example, x--), then it decrements and returns the value before decrementing.
• If used prefix, with the operator before the operand (for example, --x), then it decrements and returns the value after decrementing.

// Prefix
let a = 2;
b = --a; 

// Postfix 
let x = 3;
y = x--;
 
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

This is a unary operator i.e. it operates on a single operand. It gives the negation of an operand.

let a = 3;
b = -a; 

// Unary negation operator
// can convert non-numbers
// into a number
let x = "3";
y = -x; 
  
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

This is a way to convert a non-number into a number. Although unary negation (-) also can convert non-numbers, unary plus is the fastest and preferred way of converting something into a number, because it does not perform any other operations on the number.

let a =  +4;
let b = +'2';   
let c = +true;  
let x = +false; 
let y = +null;
     
console.log(a);
console.log(b);
console.log(c);
console.log(x);
console.log(y);

There are many arithmetic operators as shown in the table with the description.

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