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Java Variables - GeeksforGeeks

Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025

In Java, variables are containers that store data in memory. Understanding variables plays a very important role as it defines how data is stored, accessed, and manipulated.

Key Components of Variables in Java:

A variable in Java has three components, which are listed below:

• Data Type: Defines the kind of data stored (e.g., int, String, float).
• Variable Name: A unique identifier following Java naming rules.
• Value: The actual data assigned to the variable.

Note: There are three types of variables in Java: Local, Instance and Static.

Example: The below example demonstrates the variable declaration in Java

// Demonstarting how to declare and use a variable in Java

class Geeks {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Declaring and initializing variables
        
        // Integer variable  
        int age = 25;       
        
        // String variable  
        String name = "GeeksforGeeks"; 
        
        // Double variable 
        double salary = 50000.50;     

        // Displaying the values of variables
        System.out.println("Age: " + age);          
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);        
        System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);
    }
}

Age: 25
Name: GeeksforGeeks
Salary: 50000.5

The image below demonstrates how we can declare a variable in Java:

From the image, it can be easily perceived that while declaring a variable, we need to take care of two things that are:

1. data type: In Java, a data type define the type of data that a variable can hold. 
2. variable name: Must follow Java naming conventions (e.g., camelCase).

In this way, a name can only be given to a memory location. It can be assigned values in two ways: 

• Variable Initialization
• Assigning value by taking input

It can be perceived with the help of 3 components explained above:

Example: Here, we are initalizing variables of different types like float, int and char.

// Demonstrating how to intialize variables
// of different types in Java

class Geeks{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Declaring and initializing variables
        
        // Initializing float variable
        float si = 5.5f; 
        
        // Initializing integer variables
        int t = 10; 
        int s = 20; 
        
        // Initializing character variable
        char var = 'h';               

        // Displaying the values of the variables
        System.out.println("Simple Interest: " + si);  
        System.out.println("Speed: " + s);                      
        System.out.println("Time: " + t);                        
        System.out.println("Character: " + var);                
    }
}

Simple Interest: 5.5
Speed: 20
Time: 10
Character: h

Now let us discuss different types of variables  which are listed as follows: 

• Local Variables
• Instance Variables
• Static Variables

Let us discuss the traits of every type of variable listed here in detail.

A variable defined within a block or method or constructor is called a local variable. 

• The Local variable is created at the time of declaration and destroyed when the function completed its execution.
• The scope of local variables exists only within the block in which they are declared.
• We first need to initialize a local variable before using it within its scope.

Example: This example show how a local variable is declared and used inside the main method and it can not be used outside of it.

// Java Program to show the use of local variables
import java.io.*;

class Geeks {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Declared a Local Variable
        int var = 10;

        // This variable is local to this main method only
        System.out.println("Local Variable: " + var);
    }
}

Local Variable: 10

Example: This example demonstrates that local variables are only accessible within the block in which they are declared

// Java Program to show the use of 
// Local Variables
import java.io.*;

public class Geeks {
    
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // x is a local variable
        int x = 10;

        // message is also a local
        // variable
        String message = "Hello, world!";

        System.out.println("x = " + x);
        System.out.println("message = " + message);

        if (x > 5) {
            // result is a
            // local variable
            String result = "x is greater than 5";
            System.out.println(result);
        }

        // Uncommenting the line below will result in a
        // compile-time error System.out.println(result);
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            String loopMessage
                = "Iteration "
                  + i; // loopMessage is a local variable
            System.out.println(loopMessage);
        }

        // Uncommenting the line below will result in a
        // compile-time error
        // System.out.println(loopMessage);
    }
}

x = 10
message = Hello, world!
x is greater than 5
Iteration 0
Iteration 1
Iteration 2

Instance variables are known as non-static variables and are declared in a class outside of any method, constructor, or block. 

• Instance variables are created when an object of the class is created and destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• Unlike local variables, we may use access specifiers for instance variables. If we do not specify any access specifier, then the default access specifier will be used.
• Initialization of an instance variable is not mandatory. Its default value is dependent on the data type of variable. For String it is null, for float it is 0.0f, for int it is 0, for Wrapper classes like Integer it is null, etc.
• Scope of instance variables are throughout the class except the static contexts.
• Instance variables can be accessed only by creating objects.
• We initialize instance variables using constructors while creating an object. We can also use instance blocks to initialize the instance variables.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of instance variables, which are declared within a class and initialized via a constructor, with default values for uninitialized primitive types.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Instance Variables
import java.io.*;

class Geeks {

    // Declared Instance Variable
    public String geek;
    public int i;
    public Integer I;
    public Geeks()
    {
        // Default Constructor
        // initializing Instance Variable
        this.geek = "Sweta Dash";
    }

    // Main Method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Object Creation
        Geeks name = new Geeks();

        // Displaying O/P
        System.out.println("Geek name is: " + name.geek);
        System.out.println("Default value for int is "+ name.i);
      
        // toString() called internally
        System.out.println("Default value for Integer is: "+ name.I);
    }
}

Geek name is: Sweta Dash
Default value for int is 0
Default value for Integer is: null

Static variables are also known as class variables. 

• These variables are declared similarly to instance variables. The difference is that static variables are declared using the static keyword within a class outside of any method, constructor, or block.
• Unlike instance variables, we can only have one copy of a static variable per class, irrespective of how many objects we create.
• Static variables are created at the start of program execution and destroyed automatically when execution ends.
• Initialization of a static variable is not mandatory. Its default value is dependent on the data type of variable. For String it is null, for float it is 0.0f, for int it is 0, for Wrapper classes like Integer it is null, etc.
• If we access a static variable like an instance variable (through an object), the compiler will show a warning message, which won't halt the program. The compiler will replace the object name with the class name automatically.
• If we access a static variable without the class name, the compiler will automatically append the class name. But for accessing the static variable of a different class, we must mention the class name as 2 different classes might have a static variable with the same name.
• Static variables cannot be declared locally inside an instance method.
• Static blocks can be used to initialize static variables.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of static variables, which belong to the class and can be accessed without creating an object of the class.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Static variables
import java.io.*;

class Geeks {
    
    // Declared static variable
    public static String geek = "Sweta Dash";
  
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {

        // geek variable can be accessed without object
        // creation Displaying O/P Geeks.geek --> using the
        // static variable
        System.out.println("Geek Name is: " + Geeks.geek);

        // static int c = 0;
        // above line, when uncommented,
        // will throw an error as static variables cannot be
        // declared locally.
    }
}

Geek Name is: Sweta Dash

Now let us discuss the differences between the Instance variables and the Static variables:

• Each object will have its own copy of an instance variable, whereas we can only have one copy of a static variable per class, irrespective of how many objects we create. Thus, static variables are good for memory management.
• Changes made in an instance variable using one object will not be reflected in other objects as each object has its own copy of the instance variable. In the case of a static variable, changes will be reflected in other objects as static variables are common to all objects of a class.
• We can access instance variables through object references, and static variables can be accessed directly using the class name.
• Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the keyword 'new' and destroyed when the object is destroyed. Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program stops.

Syntax: Static and instance variables

class Geeks

{

// Static variable

static int a;

// Instance variable

int b;

}

The common mistakes that can occur when working with variables in Java are listed below:

• Using uninitialized local variables: Accessing a local variable without initializing it leads to a compile-time error.
• Confusing == and .equals() for Strings: == is used to compare object references, while .equals() is used to compare the content of the strings.
• Modifying static variables incorrectly: Changing static variables in a multi-threaded environment can lead to thread safety issues

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