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Java Operators - GeeksforGeeks

Java operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables or values. These operators are essential in programming as they allow you to manipulate data efficiently.

Example: Below code describes basic structure of operator. how to use operators like the + and - operators are used to perform addition and subtraction on numeric values."

// Java program to show the use of + and - operators
public class Geeks 
{  
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
      // Declare and initialize variables
        int num1 = 500;
        int num2 = 100;
        
        // Using the + (addition) operator
        int sum = num1 + num2;
        System.out.println("The Sum is: "+sum);
        
        // Using the - (subtraction) operator
        int diff = num1 - num2;
        System.out.println("The Difference is: "+diff);
        
    }
}

The Sum is: 600
The Difference is: 400

Explanation:

• A class named Geeks is created containing the main method.
• Two integer variables num1 and num2 are declared and initialized with values.
• The + operator is used to add the two numbers and store the result in sum.
• The result of addition is printed to the console.
• The - operator is used to subtract the second number from the first and store the result in diff.

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Unary Operators
3. Assignment Operator
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Ternary Operator
7. Bitwise Operators
8. Shift Operators
9. An instance of an operator

Let's see all these operators one by one with their proper examples.

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform simple arithmetic operations on primitive and non-primitive data types. 

• * : Multiplication
• / : Division
• % : Modulo
• + : Addition
• - : Subtraction

Note:

• Division (/) truncates decimal points for integers.
• Modulus (%) is useful for checking even/odd numbers.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of arithmetic operators on integers and string-to-integer conversion for performing mathematical operations.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Arithmetic Operators
import java.io.*;

class Geeks 
{
    public static void main (String[] args) 
    {
          
        // Arithmetic operators on integers
        int a = 10;
        int b = 3;
      
        // Arithmetic operators on Strings
        String n1 = "15";
        String n2 = "25";

        // Convert Strings to integers
        int a1 = Integer.parseInt(n1);
        int b1 = Integer.parseInt(n2);
           
        System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b));
        System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b));
        System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b));
        System.out.println("a / b = " + (a / b));
        System.out.println("a % b = " + (a % b));
        System.out.println("a1 + b1 = " + (a1 + b1)); 
          
    }
}

a + b = 13
a - b = 7
a * b = 30
a / b = 3
a % b = 1
a1 + b1 = 40

Unary Operators need only one operand. They are used to increment, decrement, or negate a value. 

• - , Negates the value.
• + , Indicates a positive value (automatically converts byte, char, or short to int).
• ++ , Increments by 1.
  • Post-Increment: Uses value first, then increments.
  • Pre-Increment: Increments first, then uses value.
• -- , Decrements by 1.
  • Post-Decrement: Uses value first, then decrements.
  • Pre-Decrement: Decrements first, then uses value.
• ! , Inverts a boolean value.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of unary operators for post-increment, pre-increment, post-decrement, and pre-decrement operations.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Unary Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class Geeks {
      // main function
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Interger declared
        int a = 10;
        int b = 10;

        // Using unary operators
        System.out.println("Postincrement : " + (a++));
        System.out.println("Preincrement : " + (++a));

        System.out.println("Postdecrement : " + (b--));
        System.out.println("Predecrement : " + (--b));
    }
}

Postincrement : 10
Preincrement : 12
Postdecrement : 10
Predecrement : 8

 '=' The assignment operator is used to assign a value to any variable. It has right-to-left associativity, i.e. value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left, and therefore right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a constant. 

The general format of the assignment operator is:

variable = value;

In many cases, the assignment operator can be combined with others to create shorthand compound statements. For example, a += 5 replaces a = a + 5. Common compound operators include:

• += , Add and assign.
• -= , Subtract and assign.
• *= , Multiply and assign.
• /= , Divide and assign.
• %= , Modulo and assign.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of various assignment operators, including compound, bitwise, and shift operators, for modifying a variable.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Assignment Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class Geeks {
    // Main Function
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        
        // Assignment operators
        int f = 7;
        System.out.println("f += 3: " + (f += 3));
        System.out.println("f -= 2: " + (f -= 2));
        System.out.println("f *= 4: " + (f *= 4));
        System.out.println("f /= 3: " + (f /= 3));
        System.out.println("f %= 2: " + (f %= 2));
        System.out.println("f &= 0b1010: " + (f &= 0b1010));
        System.out.println("f |= 0b1100: " + (f |= 0b1100));
        System.out.println("f ^= 0b1010: " + (f ^= 0b1010));
        System.out.println("f <<= 2: " + (f <<= 2));
        System.out.println("f >>= 1: " + (f >>= 1));
        System.out.println("f >>>= 1: " + (f >>>= 1));
    }
}

f += 3: 10
f -= 2: 8
f *= 4: 32
f /= 3: 10
f %= 2: 0
f &= 0b1010: 0
f |= 0b1100: 12
f ^= 0b1010: 6
f <<= 2: 24
f >>= 1: 12
f >>>= 1: 6

Note: Use compound assignments (+=, -=) for cleaner code.

Relational Operators are used to check for relations like equality, greater than, and less than. They return boolean results after the comparison and are extensively used in looping statements as well as conditional if-else statements. The general format is , 

variable relation_operator value

Relational operators compare values and return Boolean results:

• == , Equal to.
• != , Not equal to.
• < , Less than.
• <= , Less than or equal to.
• > , Greater than.
• >= , Greater than or equal to.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of relational operators to compare values and return boolean results.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Relational Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class Geeks {
    
    // main function
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Comparison operators
        int a = 10;
        int b = 3;
        int c = 5;

        System.out.println("a > b: " + (a > b));
        System.out.println("a < b: " + (a < b));
        System.out.println("a >= b: " + (a >= b));
        System.out.println("a <= b: " + (a <= b));
        System.out.println("a == c: " + (a == c));
        System.out.println("a != c: " + (a != c));
    }
}

a > b: true
a < b: false
a >= b: true
a <= b: false
a == c: false
a != c: true

Logical Operators are used to perform "logical AND" and "logical OR" operations, similar to AND gate and OR gate in digital electronics. They have a short-circuiting effect, meaning the second condition is not evaluated if the first is false.

Conditional operators are:

• &&, Logical AND: returns true when both conditions are true.
• ||, Logical OR: returns true if at least one condition is true.
• !, Logical NOT: returns true when a condition is false and vice-versa

Example: This example demonstrates the use of logical operators (&&, ||, !) to perform boolean operations.

// Java Program to show the use of
// Logical operators
import java.io.*;

class Geeks {
  
      // Main Function
    public static void main (String[] args) {
      
        // Logical operators
        boolean x = true;
        boolean y = false;
      
        System.out.println("x && y: " + (x && y));
        System.out.println("x || y: " + (x || y));
        System.out.println("!x: " + (!x));
    }
}

x && y: false
x || y: true
!x: false

The Ternary Operator is a shorthand version of the if-else statement. It has three operands and hence the name Ternary. The general format is,

condition ? if true : if false

The above statement means that if the condition evaluates to true, then execute the statements after the '?' else execute the statements after the ':'.  

Example: This example demonstrates the use of the ternary operator to find the maximum of three numbers.

// Java program to illustrate
// max of three numbers using
// ternary operator.
public class Geeks {
  
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a = 20, b = 10, c = 30, result;

        // result holds max of three
        // numbers
        result = ((a > b) ? (a > c) ? a : c : (b > c) ? b : c);
        System.out.println("Max of three numbers = "+ result);
    }
}

Max of three numbers = 30

Bitwise Operators are used to perform the manipulation of individual bits of a number and with any of the integer types. They are used when performing update and query operations of the Binary indexed trees. 

• & (Bitwise AND): returns bit-by-bit AND of input values.
• | (Bitwise OR): returns bit-by-bit OR of input values.
• ^ (Bitwise XOR): returns bit-by-bit XOR of input values.
• ~ (Bitwise Complement): inverts all bits (one's complement).

Example: This example demonstrates the use of bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>) to perform bit-level operations.

// Java Program to show the use of
// bitwise operators
import java.io.*;

class Geeks 
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Bitwise operators
        int d = 0b1010;
        int e = 0b1100;
      
        System.out.println("d & e : " + (d & e));
        System.out.println("d | e : " + (d | e));
        System.out.println("d ^ e : " + (d ^ e));
        System.out.println("~d : " + (~d));
        System.out.println("d << 2 : " + (d << 2));
        System.out.println("e >> 1 : " + (e >> 1));
        System.out.println("e >>> 1 : " + (e >>> 1));
    }
}

d & e : 8
d | e : 14
d ^ e : 6
~d : -11
d << 2 : 40
e >> 1 : 6
e >>> 1 : 6

Shift Operators are used to shift the bits of a number left or right, thereby multiplying or dividing the number by two, respectively. They can be used when we have to multiply or divide a number by two. The general format , 

number shift_op number_of_places_to_shift;

• << (Left shift): Shifts bits left, filling 0s (multiplies by a power of two).
• >> (Signed right shift): Shifts bits right, filling 0s (divides by a power of two), with the leftmost bit depending on the sign.
• >>> (Unsigned right shift): Shifts bits right, filling 0s, with the leftmost bit always 0.

Example: This example demonstrates the use of shift operators (<<, >>) to shift the bits of a number left and right.

// Java Program to show the use of
// shift operators
import java.io.*;

class Geeks 
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a = 10;
    
        // Using left shift
        System.out.println("a<<1 : " + (a << 1));
      
        // Using right shift
        System.out.println("a>>1 : " + (a >> 1));
    }
}

a<<1 : 20
a>>1 : 5

The instanceof operator is used for type checking. It can be used to test if an object is an instance of a class, a subclass, or an interface. The general format,  

object instance of class/subclass/interface

Example: This example demonstrates the use of the instanceof operator to check if an object is an instance of a specific class or interface

// Java program to show the use of
// Instance of operator
public class Geeks 
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {

        Person obj1 = new Person();
        Person obj2 = new Boy();

        // As obj is of type person, it is not an
        // instance of Boy or interface
        System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Person: "
                           + (obj1 instanceof Person));
        System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Boy: "
                           + (obj1 instanceof Boy));
        System.out.println("obj1 instanceof MyInterface: "
                           + (obj1 instanceof MyInterface));

        // Since obj2 is of type boy,
        // whose parent class is person
        // and it implements the interface Myinterface
        // it is instance of all of these classes
        System.out.println("obj2 instanceof Person: "
                           + (obj2 instanceof Person));
        System.out.println("obj2 instanceof Boy: "
                           + (obj2 instanceof Boy));
        System.out.println("obj2 instanceof MyInterface: "
                           + (obj2 instanceof MyInterface));
    }
}

// Classes and Interfaces used
// are declared here
class Person {
}

class Boy extends Person implements MyInterface {
}

interface MyInterface {
}

obj1 instanceof Person: true
obj1 instanceof Boy: false
obj1 instanceof MyInterface: false
obj2 instanceof Person: true
obj2 instanceof Boy: true
obj2 instanceof MyInterface: true

The common mistakes that can occur when working with Java Operators are listed below:

• Confusing == with =: Using == for assignment instead of = for equality check leads to logical errors.
• Incorrect Use of Floating Point Comparison: Comparing floating point numbers using == can lead to unexpected results due to precision issues.
• Integer Division Confusion: Dividing two integers will result in integer division (truncating the result).
• Overusing + for String Concatenation in Loops: Using + for concatenating strings in loops leads to performance issues because it creates new string objects on each iteration.

Operator Precedence and Associativity in Java

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