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JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) - GeeksforGeeks

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

Last Updated : 12 Jul, 2025

JDBC is an API that helps applications to communicate with databases, it allows Java programs to connect to a database, run queries, retrieve, and manipulate data. Because of JDBC, Java applications can easily work with different relational databases like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and more.

JDBC Architecture

Explanation:

Application: It can be a Java application or servlet that communicates with a data source.
The JDBC API: It allows Java programs to execute SQL queries and get results from the database. Some key components of JDBC API include
- Interfaces like Driver, ResultSet, RowSet, PreparedStatement, and Connection that helps managing different database tasks.
- Classes like DriverManager, Types, Blob, and Clob that helps managing database connections.
DriverManager: It plays an important role in the JDBC architecture. It uses some database-specific drivers to effectively connect enterprise applications to databases.
JDBC drivers: These drivers handle interactions between the application and the database.

The JDBC architecture consists of two-tier and three-tier processing models to access a database. They are as described below:

1. Two-Tier Architecture

A Java Application communicates directly with the database using a JDBC driver. It sends queries to the database and then the result is sent back to the application. For example, in a client/server setup, the user's system acts as a client that communicates with a remote database server.

Structure:

Client Application (Java) -> JDBC Driver -> Database

2. Three-Tier Architecture

In this, user queries are sent to a middle-tier services, which interacts with the database. The database results are processed by the middle tier and then sent back to the user.

Structure:

Client Application -> Application Server -> JDBC Driver -> Database

JDBC Components

There are generally 4 main components of JDBC through which it can interact with a database. They are as mentioned below:

1. JDBC API

It provides various methods and interfaces for easy communication with the database. It includes two key packages

java.sql: This package, is the part of Java Standard Edition (Java SE) , which contains the core interfaces and classes for accessing and processing data in relational databases. It also provides essential functionalities like establishing connections, executing queries, and handling result sets

javax.sql: This package is the part of Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) , which extends the capabilities of java.sql by offering additional features like connection pooling, statement pooling, and data source management.

It also provides a standard to connect a database to a client application.

2. JDBC Driver Manager

Driver manager is responsible for loading the correct database-specific driver to establish a connection with the database. It manages the available drivers and ensures the right one is used to process user requests and interact with the database.

3. JDBC Test Suite

It is used to test the operation(such as insertion, deletion, updating) being performed by JDBC Drivers.

4. JDBC Drivers

JDBC drivers are client-side adapters (installed on the client machine, not on the server) that convert requests from Java programs to a protocol that the DBMS can understand. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

Type-1 driver or JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
Type-2 driver or Native-API driver (partially java driver)
Type-3 driver or Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
Type-4 driver or Thin driver (fully java driver) - It is a widely used driver. The older drivers like (JDBC-ODBC) bridge driver have been deprecated and no longer supported in modern versions of Java.

JDBC Classes and Interfaces

Class/Interfaces

Description

DriverManager Manages JDBC drivers and establishes database connections. Connection Represents a session with a specific database. Statement Used to execute static SQL queries. PreparedStatement Precompiled SQL statement, used for dynamic queries with parameters. CallableStatement Used to execute stored procedures in the database. ResultSet Represents the result set of a query, allowing navigation through the rows. SQLException Handles SQL-related exceptions during database operations. Steps to Connect to MySQL Database Using JDBC Step 1: Load the JDBC Driver

Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

Step 2: Establish a Connection

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(

"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database",

"your_username",

"your_password"

);

Step 3: Create a Statement

Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

Step 4: Execute a Query

String query = "INSERT INTO students (id, name) VALUES (101, 'John Doe')";

int rowsAffected = statement.executeUpdate(query);

System.out.println("Rows affected: " + rowsAffected);

Step 5: Close the Connection

statement.close();

connection.close();

Create a Simple JDBC Application

The below Java program demonstrates how to establish a MYSQL database connection using JDBC and execute a query.

Java


 // Java program to implement a simple JDBC application
import java.sql.*;

public class Geeks {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Database URL, username, and password

        // Replace with your database name
        String url
            = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database";

        // Replace with your MySQL username
        String username = "your_username";

        // Replace with your MySQL password
        String password = "your_password";

        // Updated query syntax for modern databases
        String query
            = "INSERT INTO students (id, name) VALUES (109, 'bhatt')";

        // Establish JDBC Connection
        try {
          
            // Load Type-4 Driver
            // MySQL Type-4 driver class
            Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

            // Establish connection
            Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(
                url, username, password);

            // Create a statement
            Statement st = c.createStatement();

            // Execute the query
            int count = st.executeUpdate(query);
            System.out.println(
                "Number of rows affected by this query: "
                + count);

            // Close the connection
            st.close();
            c.close();
            System.out.println("Connection closed.");
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            System.err.println("JDBC Driver not found: "
                               + e.getMessage());
        }
        catch (SQLException e) {
            System.err.println("SQL Error: "
                               + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

Output:

Note: When the program runs successfully, a new record is added to the students table as shown below:

Key Features of JDBC:

Platform Independence: JDBC can perform database operation on any platform
Standard API: It provides different ways to interact with different databases.
Support for Multiple Databases: JDBC provide support to work with different databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc.

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