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Conditional Statements in Programming | Definition, Types, Best Practices

Conditional statements in programming are used to control the flow of a program based on certain conditions. These statements allow the execution of different code blocks depending on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false, providing a fundamental mechanism for decision-making in algorithms. In this article, we will learn about the basics of Conditional Statements along with their different types.

What are Conditional Statements in Programming?

Conditional statements in Programming, also known as decision-making statements, allow a program to perform different actions based on whether a certain condition is true or false. They form the backbone of most programming languages, enabling the creation of complex, dynamic programs.

5 Types of Conditional Statements in Programming

Conditional statements in programming allow the execution of different pieces of code based on whether certain conditions are true or false. Here are five common types of conditional statements:

5 Types of Conditional Statements in Programming 1. If Conditional Statement:

The if statement is the most basic form of conditional statement. It checks if a condition is true. If it is, the program executes a block of code.

Syntax of If Conditional Statement:

if (condition) {
    // code to execute if condition is true
}

if condition is true, the if code block executes. If false, the execution moves to the next block to check.

Use Cases of If Conditional Statement:

Checking a single condition and executing code based on its result.
Performing actions based on user input.

Applications of If Conditional Statement:

Validating user inputs.
Basic decision-making in algorithms.

Advantages of If Conditional Statement:

Simple and straightforward.
Useful for handling basic decision logic.

Disadvantages of If Conditional Statement:

Limited to checking only one condition at a time.
Not suitable for complex decision-making.

Implementation of If Conditional Statement: C++


 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int x = 10;
    if (x > 0) {
        cout<<"x is positive";
    }

    return 0;
}

Java


 public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int x = 10;

        // Check if x is greater than 0
        if (x > 0) {
            System.out.println("x is positive"); // Print a message if x is positive
        }
    }
}

Python


 class Main:
    def main():
        x = 10

        # Check if x is greater than 0
        if x > 0:
            print("x is positive")  # Print a message if x is positive

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()


 using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int x = 10;
        if (x > 0)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("x is positive");
        }

        // This code checks if the variable x is positive.
    }
}

JavaScript


 function main() {
    let x = 10;

    // Check if x is greater than 0
    if (x > 0) {
        console.log("x is positive"); // Print a message if x is positive
    }
}

// Call the main function
main();

2. If-Else Conditional Statement:

The if-else statement extends the if statement by adding an else clause. If the condition is false, the program executes the code in the else block.

Syntax of If-Else Conditional Statement:

if (condition) {
    // code to execute if condition is true
} else {
    // code to execute if condition is false
}

if condition is true, the if code block executes. If false, the execution moves to the else block.

Use Cases of If-Else Conditional Statement:

Executing one block of code if a condition is true and another block if it's false.
Handling binary decisions.

Applications of If-Else Conditional Statement:

Error handling: For example, displaying an error message if user input is invalid.
Program flow control: Directing program execution based on conditions.

Advantages of If-Else Conditional Statement:

Handles binary decisions efficiently.
Clear and concise syntax.

Disadvantages of If-Else Conditional Statement:

Limited to binary decisions.
May become verbose in complex scenarios.

Implementation of If-Else Conditional Statement: C++


 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int x = -10;
    if (x > 0) {
        cout << "x is positive";
    }
    else {
        cout << "x is not positive";
    }

    return 0;
}

Java


 public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Define the value of x
        int x = -10;

        // Check if x is greater than 0
        if (x > 0) {
            System.out.println("x is positive");
        } else {
            System.out.println("x is not positive");
        }
    }
}

Python


 def main():
    # Define the value of x
    x = -10

    # Check if x is greater than 0
    if x > 0:
        print("x is positive")
    else:
        print("x is not positive")

# Call the main function to execute the code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()


 using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        int x = -10;

        // Check if x is greater than 0
        if (x > 0)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("x is positive");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("x is not positive");
        }
    }
}

JavaScript


 // Main function
function main() {
    // Define the value of x
    const x = -10;

    // Check if x is greater than 0
    if (x > 0) {
        console.log("x is positive");
    } else {
        console.log("x is not positive");
    }
}

// Call the main function to execute the program
main();

3. if-Else if Conditional Statement:

The if-else if statement allows for multiple conditions to be checked in sequence. If the if condition is false, the program checks the next else if condition, and so on.

Syntax of If-Else if Conditional Statement:

if (condition1) {
    // code to execute if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
    // code to execute if condition2 is true
} else {
    // code to execute if all conditions are false
}

In else if statements, the conditions are checked from the top-down, if the first block returns true, the second and the third blocks will not be checked, but if the first if block returns false, the second block will be checked. This checking continues until a block returns a true outcome.

Use Cases of If-Elif-Else Conditional Statement:

Handling multiple conditions sequentially.
Implementing multi-way decision logic.

Applications of If-Elif-Else Conditional Statement:

Implementing menu selection logic.
Categorizing data based on multiple criteria.

Advantages of If-Elif-Else Conditional Statement:

Allows handling multiple conditions in a structured manner.
Reduces the need for nested if-else statements.

Disadvantages of If-Elif-Else Conditional Statement:

Can become lengthy and harder to maintain with many conditions.
The order of conditions matters; incorrect ordering can lead to unexpected behavior.

If-Else if Conditional Statement Implementation: C++


 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int x = 0;
    if (x > 0) {
        cout << "x is positive";
    }
    else if (x < 0) {
        cout << "x is not positive";
    }
    else {
        cout << "x is not zero";
    }

    return 0;
}

Java


 public class Main {
    public static void GFG(int x) {
        // Check if the number is positive
        if (x > 0) {
            System.out.println("x is positive");
        }
        // Check if the number is negative
        else if (x < 0) {
            System.out.println("x is not positive");
        }
        // If the number is neither positive nor negative
        // it must be zero
        else {
            System.out.println("x is not zero");
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Test the function with the sample number
        int x = 0;
        GFG(x);
    }
}

Python


 def GFG(x):
    # Check if the number is positive
    if x > 0:
        print("x is positive")
    # Check if the number is negative
    elif x < 0:
        print("x is not positive")
    # If the number is neither positive nor negative
    # it must be zero
    else:
        print("x is not zero")
# Test the function with the sample number
x = 0
GFG(x)

JavaScript


 let x = 0;
// Check if the number is positive
if (x > 0) {
    console.log("x is positive");
}
// If not positive, check if the number is negative
else if (x < 0) {
    console.log("x is not positive");
}
// If neither positive nor negative
// the number is zero
else {
    console.log("x is not zero");
}

4. Switch Conditional Statement:

The switch statement is used when you need to check a variable against a series of values. It’s often used as a more readable alternative to a long if-else if chain.

In switch expressions, each block is terminated by a break keyword. The statements in switch are expressed with cases.

Switch Conditional Statement Syntax:

switch (variable) {
    case value1:
        // code to execute if variable equals value1
        break;
    case value2:
        // code to execute if variable equals value2
        break;
    default:
        // code to execute if variable doesn't match any value
}

Use Cases of Switch Statement:

Selecting one of many code blocks to execute based on the value of a variable.
Handling multiple cases efficiently.

Applications of Switch Statement:

Processing user choices in a menu.
Implementing state machines.

Advantages of Switch Statement:

Provides a clean and efficient way to handle multiple cases.
Improves code readability when dealing with many conditions.

Disadvantages of Switch Statement:

Limited to equality comparisons, cannot use range checks or complex conditions.
Lack of fall-through control can lead to unintentional bugs if not used carefully.

Switch Conditional Statement Implementation: C++


 #include <iostream>;
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int x = 2;
    switch (x) {
    case 1:
        cout << "x is one";
        break;
    case 2:
        cout << "x is two";
        break;
    default:
        cout << "x is neither one nor two";
    }

    return 0;
}

Java


 public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Declare and initialize the variable x
        int x = 2;
        
        // Use a switch statement to check the value of x
        switch (x) {
            // If x is 1, print "x is one"
            case 1:
                System.out.println("x is one");
                break;
            // If x is 2, print "x is two"
            case 2:
                System.out.println("x is two");
                break;
            // For any other value of x, print "x is neither one nor two"
            default:
                System.out.println("x is neither one nor two");
        }
    }
}
//This code is contributed By monu.

Python


 def main():
    # Define x
    x = 2

    # Switch statement equivalent in Python using dictionary
    switch_case = {
        1: "x is one",
        2: "x is two"
    }

    # Get the corresponding value for x
    result = switch_case.get(x, "x is neither one nor two")

    # Print the result
    print(result)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
#this code is cotributed by Utkarsh.

JavaScript


 // Declare and initialize the variable x
let x = 2;

// Use a switch statement to check the value of x
switch (x) {
    // If x is 1, print "x is one"
    case 1:
        console.log("x is one");
        break;
    // If x is 2, print "x is two"
    case 2:
        console.log("x is two");
        break;
    // For any other value of x, print "x is neither one nor two"
    default:
        console.log("x is neither one nor two");
}

5. Ternary Expression Conditional Statement:

The ternary operator is a shorthand way of writing an if-else statement. It takes three operands: a condition, a result for when the condition is true, and a result for when the condition is false.

Syntax of Ternary Expression:

condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false

Use Cases of Ternary Expression:

Concise conditional assignment.
Inline conditional assignment.

Applications of Ternary Expression:

Assigning values based on conditions in functional programming.
Inline conditional assignment in single lines of code.

Advantages of Ternary Expression:

Concise syntax, reducing the need for multiple lines of code.
Suitable for simple conditional assignments.

Disadvantages of Ternary Expression:

Can reduce code readability, especially for complex conditions or expressions.
Limited to simple assignments; not suitable for complex branching logic.

Implementation of Ternary Expression: C++


 #include <iostream>;
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    int x = 10;
    string result
        = (x > 0) ? "x is positive" : "x is not positive";
    cout << result;

    return 0;
}

Java


 import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Define an integer variable x and assign the value
        // 10 to it
        int x = 10;

        // Use a ternary operator to check if x is positive
        // or not If x is greater than 0, assign "x is
        // positive" to the result variable Otherwise,
        // assign "x is not positive" to the result variable
        String result = (x > 0) ? "x is positive"
                                : "x is not positive";

        // Print the result to the console
        System.out.println(result);
    }
}

Python


 # Define an integer variable x and assign the value
# 10 to it
x = 10

# Use a ternary operator to check if x is positive
# or not. If x is greater than 0, assign "x is
# positive" to the result variable. Otherwise,
# assign "x is not positive" to the result variable.
result = "x is positive" if x > 0 else "x is not positive"

# Print the result to the console
print(result)

JavaScript


 // Define an integer variable x and assign the value
// 10 to it
let x = 10;

// Use a ternary operator to check if x is positive
// or not. If x is greater than 0, assign "x is
// positive" to the result variable. Otherwise,
// assign "x is not positive" to the result variable.
let result = x > 0 ? "x is positive" : "x is not positive";

// Print the result to the console
console.log(result);

Difference between Types of Conditional Statements in Programming: Conditional Statement Purpose Usage Example if Execute code if condition is true Single condition if x > 5: print("x is greater than 5") if-else Execute one block if condition is true, another if false Two mutually exclusive possibilities if x > 5: print("x is greater than 5") else: print("x is not greater than 5") if-elif-else Execute based on multiple conditions Multiple conditions, sequential evaluation python if x > 5: print("x is greater than 5") elif x == 5: print("x is equal to 5") else: print("x is less than 5") switch-case Select one of many code blocks to execute based on a variable Matching variable against multiple cases

java switch (day) { case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break; case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break; default: System.out.println("Unknown day"); }

Difference between If Else and Switch Case: Feature if-else Statement switch Statement Multiple Conditions Supports multiple conditions using else if Supports multiple cases using case statements Equality Comparison Can handle complex conditions with relational operators Typically checks equality with case values Range Comparison Can handle ranges using logical operators Typically handles discrete values, not suitable for ranges Fall-Through Executes the first true condition and exits Continues executing cases until break or end. Default Case Optional else block for default behavior default case for unmatched values Expression Type Supports any boolean expression in the condition Typically used with expressions resulting in discrete values Readability and Maintainability Readability may decrease with nested conditions Readability can be maintained for multiple cases Use Cases Suitable for various conditions and complex logic Suitable for scenarios with distinct, known values Best Practices for Conditional Statements in Programming:

Keep it simple: Avoid complex conditions that are hard to understand. Break them down into simpler parts if necessary.
Use meaningful names: Your variable and function names should make it clear what conditions you’re checking.
Avoid deep nesting: Deeply nested conditional statements can be hard to read and understand. Consider using early returns or breaking your code into smaller functions.
Comment your code: Explain what your conditions are checking and why. This can be especially helpful for complex conditions.

In conclusion, Conditional statements are a fundamental part of programming, allowing for dynamic and interactive programs. By understanding and using them effectively, you can create programs that are more efficient, readable, and maintainable.

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