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Random Access Memory (RAM) - GeeksforGeeks

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that stores data temporarily. When you turn off your computer, the data in RAM disappears, unlike the data on your hard drive, which stays saved. RAM helps your computer run programs and process information faster. This is similar to how the brain’s memory helps us remember things. In this article, we’ll talk more about RAM and its different types.

Computer memory is essential for storing data and instructions. It is divided into cells, each with a unique address. Memory makes computers function like a human brain, which has different types of memory (short-term, long-term, etc.). Similarly, computers have different types of memory:

• Cache Memory: High-speed memory that speeds up the CPU. It’s fast but expensive.
• Primary Memory (Main Memory): Includes RAM (volatile) and ROM (non-volatile). It stores current data.
• Secondary Memory: Non-volatile memory used for permanent storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).

It is one of the parts of the Main memory, also famously known as Read Write Memory. Random Access memory is present on the motherboard and the computer's data is temporarily stored in RAM. As the name says, RAM can help in both reading and writing. RAM is a volatile memory, which means, it is present as long as the Computer is in the ON state, as soon as the computer turns OFF, the memory is erased.

To better understand RAM, imagine the blackboard of the classroom, the students can both read and write and also erase the data written after the class is over, some new data can be entered now.

Over the years, Random Access Memory (RAM) has undergone significant improvements. From its early beginnings with the Williams tube in 1947 to the most advanced DDR4 SDRAM in 2014, RAM technology has continually evolved to meet the growing needs for speed and efficiency in computers. The table below highlights the key milestones in the development of RAM, showing its progression from basic magnetic-core memory to high-speed, energy-efficient DDR4.

RAM is made up of small transistors and capacitors that store electrical charges representing data bits. Here’s how it works:

• Data Storage: RAM temporarily stores data needed by the CPU.
• Volatility: Data is lost when the power is turned off, so it’s important to save work to permanent storage (e.g., hard drive or SSD).
• Speed: RAM is much faster than secondary storage, allowing quick access to data.

When you play a game or stream a movie on your laptop, the computer needs to load data from the hard drive into RAM. RAM temporarily stores this data so the CPU can access it quickly and process it. The CPU uses this memory to carry out the tasks needed to give you a smooth experience.

RAM needs to be fast because it’s quicker than other storage devices like the hard drive. The speed of your RAM determines how quickly the data flows in and out of the CPU. If your RAM is slow, the CPU will take longer to process the data, making everything feel slower.

Think of RAM as your short-term memory. It stores the information you need right now, like remembering what’s on your shopping list. If you forget things, you can't continue your tasks efficiently. But if you have more short-term memory, you can juggle more tasks at once and handle harder activities.

The larger your RAM capacity, the faster your CPU can complete tasks, and the smoother your experience will be. Having more RAM allows you to open bigger files and use demanding programs like video editing software more easily.

Hard Drive

RAM

Non-volatile storage device for long-term data storage

Volatile memory used for temporary storage

Non-volatile (data retained when power is off)

Volatile (data lost when power is off)

Slower access times (HDD slower than SSD)

High-speed access

Typically larger (several TB)

Typically smaller (several GB)

ROM

RAM

Volatile memory used for temporary storage

Generally slower than RAM

High-speed access

Primarily read-only

ROM can hold more than just megabytes

RAM can be stored in gigabytes

Data accessible is less difficult but more restrictive

Data accessibility is easy

Cheaper than RAM

High cost as compared to ROM

Used for the permanent storage of data

Used for temporary storage of data

• RAM is volatile, meaning that the data is erased when the device is turned off.
• It is referred to as the primary memory of the computer, as it directly supports the CPU during operation.
• RAM is relatively expensive because it allows for fast, direct access to data.
• As the fastest type of memory, RAM serves as internal memory within the computer, enabling quick data retrieval.
• The overall speed of the computer is greatly influenced by the amount of RAM. With less RAM, the computer takes longer to load and may slow down significantly.

The system's RAM requirements depend on what the user is doing. For editing videos, for instance, a machine should have at least 16 GB of RAM, though more is preferable. A machine needs also to have at least 3GB of RAM to run Photoshop CC on a Mac for photo processing, according to Adobe. Even 8GB of RAM, meanwhile, can cause a slowdown if the user is using many apps at once.

RAM is further divided into two types, SRAM - Static Random Access Memory and DRAM- Dynamic Random Access Memory. Let's learn about both of these types in more detail.

SRAM is used for Cache memory, it can hold the data as long as the power availability is there. It is refreshed simultaneously to store the present information. It is made with CMOS technology. It contains 4 to 6 transistors and it also uses clocks. It does not require a periodic refresh cycle due to the presence of transistors. Although SRAM is faster, it requires more power and is more expensive. Since SRAM requires more power, more heat is lost here as well, another drawback of SRAM is that it can not store more bits per chip, for instance, for the same amount of memory stored in DRAM, SRAM would require one more chip.

The function of SRAM is that it provides a direct interface with the Central Processing Unit at higher speeds.

• SRAM is used as the Cache memory inside the computer.
• SRAM is known to be the fastest among all memories.
• SRAM is costlier.
• SRAM has a lower density (number of memory cells per unit area).
• The power consumption of SRAM is less but when it is operated at higher frequencies, the power consumption of SRAM is compatible with DRAM.

DRAM is used for the Main memory, it has a different construction than SRAM, it uses one transistor and one capacitor (also known as a conductor), which is needed to get recharged in milliseconds due to the presence of the capacitor. Dynamic RAM was the first sold memory integrated circuit. DRAM is the second most compact technology in production (the First is Flash Memory). DRAM has one transistor and one capacitor in 1 memory bit. Although DRAM is slower, it can store more bits per chip, for instance, for the same amount of memory stored in SRAM, DRAM requires one less chip. DRAM requires less power and hence, less heat is produced. 

The function of DRAM is that it is used for programming code by a computer processor to function. It is used in our PCs (Personal Computers).

• DRAM is used as the Main Memory inside the computer.
• DRAM is known to be a fast memory but not as fast as SRAM.
• DRAM is cheaper as compared to SRAM.
• DRAM has a higher density (number of memory cells per unit area)
• The power consumption by DRAM is more

• SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM, increases performance through its pins, which sync up with the data connection between the main memory and the microprocessor. 
• DDR SDRAM: (Double Data Rate) It has features of SDRAM also but with double speed. 
• ECC DRAM: (Error Correcting Code) This RAM can find corrupted data easily and sometimes can fix it.
• RDRAM: It stands for Rambus DRAM. It used to be popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It was developed by a company named Rambus Inc. At that time it competed with SDRAM. Its latency was higher at the beginning but it was more stable than SDRAM, consoles like Nintendo 64 and Sony Play Station 2 used that.
• DDR2, DDR3, AND DDR4: These are successor versions of DDR SDRAM with upgrades in performance

For more information, you can refer to our dedicated article on Difference between SRAM and DRAM.

• Speed: RAM is faster than other types of storage like ROM, hard drives or SSDs, allowing for quick access to data and smooth performance of applications.
• Multitasking: More RAM allows a computer to handle multiple applications simultaneously without slowing down.
• Flexibility: RAM can be easily upgraded, enhancing a computer’s performance and extending its usability.
• Volatile Storage: RAM automatically clears its data when the computer is turned off, reducing the risk of unwanted data accumulation.

• Volatility: Data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off, which means important data must be saved to permanent storage.
• Cost: RAM can be more expensive per gigabyte compared to other storage options like hard drives or SSDs.
• Limited Storage: RAM has a limited capacity, so it cannot store large amounts of data permanently.
• Power Consumption: RAM requires continuous power to retain data, contributing to the overall power consumption of the device.
• Physical Space: Increasing RAM requires physical space in the computer, which might be limited to smaller devices like laptops and tablets.

In conclusion, RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are two essential types of memory in a computer, each used for distinct purposes. RAM is a temporary, volatile memory used for storing data and instructions that the computer needs while it's running, making it crucial for the speed and performance of active tasks. In contrast, ROM is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores essential programs and instructions required for the computer to start up and perform basic functions.

Random Access Memory (RAM) & It's Working

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