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In utility and value: Income and substitution effects
…price change is called the substitution effect. The division can be carried out graphically as follows: let the price of X increase so that the price line in Figure 7 moves from PP′ to PR′, and assume an imaginary intermediate price line, LL′, with the slope of PR′ but tangent…
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individual income tax

In income tax: Rationale for taxation
…indulge in more leisure (the substitution effect); presumably, the larger the income and the more steeply progressive the tax, the greater this substitution effect will be. Finally, a progressive income tax is sometimes said to have an adverse effect on investment, especially in the case of risky ventures, but this…
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