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United States | Britannica

Yosemite: El Capitan

El Capitan (background left) along the Merced River in Yosemite National Park, east-central...

© garytog/stock.adobe.com

High Plains

The High Plains, near Fort Morgan, Colorado.

Epimethius

Screw Auger Falls

Screw Auger Falls in the Mahoosuc Range, northern Appalachian Mountains, Maine.

© George Wuerthner

Mount Washington, New Hampshire

Mount Washington, in the White Mountains, New Hampshire.

William Hemmel/© New Hampshire Division of Travel and Tourism Development

American badger

American badger (Taxidea taxus).

Alvin E. Staffan—The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers

Kangaroo rat

Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys).

© Stan/stock.adobe.com

Gateway Arch

The Gateway Arch (left) on the west bank of the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri.

© CrackerClips/Shutterstock.com

Chicago

The city of Chicago accounts for a large share of Illinois's population and economy.

© Rvaero/Dreamstime.com

Santa Barbara

Aerial view of Santa Barbara, California.

Skyguy414

Las Vegas Strip

Las Vegas Boulevard, the home of the Las Vegas Strip, pictured here at night.

© Andrew Zarivny/Shutterstock.com

Cadillac Ranch, Amarillo, Texas

Cadillac Ranch, art installation by the art collective Ant Farm, near Amarillo,...

Carol M. Highsmith's America/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-highsm-04824)

California

California.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Ordination

Ordination of a pastor by the Slovak Zion Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church...

Thespiano7

Statue of Liberty

For many immigrants to the United States, the first glimpses of the country were...

Tom Sobolik/Black Star

Corn harvesting in Iowa

Harvesting corn on a farm near Alden, north-central Iowa.

Thomas Hovland/Grant Heilman Photography

New York Stock Exchange

Trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange, New York City.

Carol M. Highsmith Archive/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-highsm-11972)

Interstate System

Aerial view of Interstate System bypasses, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

© Zack Frank/Shutterstock.com

National Security Council meeting

U.S. Pres. George W. Bush meeting with the National Security Council in the Cabinet...

Courtesy of the George W. Bush Presidential Library & Museum/NARA

U.S. Senate chamber

Members of the U.S. Senate during the 111th U.S. Congress, Washington, D.C., 2009–11.

U.S. Senate Photo Studio

U.S. Supreme Court

Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court (bottom row, from left) Associate Justice Tom...

Warren K. Leffler—U.S. News and World Report/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-ppmsca-41069)

Woman suffrage

Woman suffrage advocates parading in an open car in support of ratification of the...

George Grantham Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. 19032)

Polling place

A polling place sign posted at a polling station, Drake, Kentucky, November 2, 2010....

Tom Pennington—Getty Images/Thinkstock

Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon during a campaign stop in 1968, saluting the crowd with his iconic...

Oliver F. Atkins—White House Photo/Nixon Presidential Library and Museum/NARA

Bill Clinton and Al Gore

Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton (right) and his running mate, Al Gore,...

Marcy Nighswaner—AP/Shutterstock.com

Pentagon

Aerial view of the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, U.S.

© Frontpage/Shutterstock.com

Lyndon B. Johnson: Medicare

Former U.S. president Harry S. Truman (right) looking on as U.S. Pres. Lyndon B....

Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum/NARA

Head Start

Lady Bird Johnson, wife of U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, visiting a classroom at...

LBJ Library photo by Robert Knudsen

Levittown, New York

Early housing development, Levittown, New York.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Mark Twain

Mark Twain, lithograph from Puck, 1885.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. LC-USZC4-4294

Piet Mondrian

Dutch painter Piet Mondrian, photograph by Arnold Newman, 1942.

© Arnold Newman

Eudora Welty

American author Eudora Welty, 1980.

Bernard Gotfryd Photograph Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ppmsca-12450)

Bharati Mukherjee

American author Bharati Mukherjee, 2004.

Embassy of the United States, Tel-Aviv, Israel/U.S. Department of State

Ralph Ellison

Novelist Ralph Ellison, 1952.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men

Bud Fields and his family, Hale county, Alabama, photograph by Walker Evans, c. 1936–37;...

Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Photograph Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. 8c52407u)

Tom Wolfe

American author Tom Wolfe, 1988.

Jim Cooper/AP/REX/Shutterstock.com

Cover of The Catcher in the Rye

Reproduction of the cover of the first edition of J.D. Salinger's novel The Catcher...

Little, Brown and Company/Hachette Book Group USA

Amy Tan

American writer Amy Tan, 2018.

Hindustan Times/Getty Images

John Updike

John Updike, 2006.

© Rtspencer—Mediapunch/REX/Shutterstock.com

Willem de Kooning

American artist Willem de Kooning in his studio in the Hamptons, New York, c. 1982.

© Luiz Alberto—Archive Photos/Getty Images

Robert Rauschenberg: Monogram

Monogram, combine painting (mixed media) by Robert Rauschenberg, 1959; in...

Moderna Museet, Stockholm/Photograph: Statens Konstmuseer

August Wilson

Playwright August Wilson, Seattle, May 30, 2003.

Ted S. Warren/AP Images

To Have and Have Not

(From left) Lauren Bacall, Marcel Dalio, and Humphrey Bogart in To Have and Have...

© 1945 Warner Brothers, Inc.; photograph from a private collection

Apocalypse Now

Robert Duvall (center) in Apocalypse Now (1979).

© 1979 Omni Zoetrope; photograph from a private collection

Ang Lee

Film director Ang Lee on the set of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000).

Chan Kam Chuen/Sony Pictures Classic

Iron Man

Robert Downey, Jr., appearing as Iron Man/Tony Stark in a scene from the film Iron...

Paramount Pictures/Marvel Entertainment

Silent Generation teenagers

Teenagers watching television during the 1950s.

H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock—Archive Photos/Getty Images

Rachel Maddow

American political commentator Rachel Maddow.

Ali Goldstein—NBC-TV/Kobal/Shutterstock.com

Seinfeld

Scene from the television series Seinfeld, with actors (from left) Jason...

© Castle Rock Entertainment; all rights reserved

The Sopranos

Cast members of The Sopranos: (from left) Tony Sirico, Steven Van Zandt,...

© 1999 HBO

Game of Thrones

Peter Dinklage (as Tyrion Lannister) in a scene from the HBO series Game of Thrones.

© 2013 Home Box Office, Inc. All rights reserved.

John Lewis

John Lewis with the Modern Jazz Quartet.

Frank Driggs Collection

Doris Day

American actress Doris Day, c. 1945.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Sun Records label

Sun Records label "You're a Heartbreaker" by Elvis Presley, originally recorded December...

Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images

Elvis Presley

American singer, musician, and actor Elvis Presley, 1956.

Picture Lux/The Hollywood Archive/Alamy

Chuck Berry

American singer, songwriter, and guitarist Chuck Berry, 1960.

© Dezo Hoffmann—REX/Shutterstock.com

Al Green

American singer-songwriter Al Green.

David Redfern—Redferns/Getty Images

Taylor Swift

American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift performing in São Paulo, November 24, 2023.

© Buda Mendes—TAS23/Getty Images for TAS Rights Management

Lady Gaga

Pop star Lady Gaga, wearing a meat dress, after accepting the award for video of...

Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images Entertainment

Wrigley Field

Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs.

© James Kirkikis/Dreamstime.com

Magic Johnson

American basketball player Magic Johnson who led the L.A. Lakers to five championships.

© Jerry Coli/Dreamstime.com

Don Quixote

Misty Copeland (center) performing in Don Quixote at the Metropolitan Opera...

© Hiroyuki Ito/Getty Images

Henry Hudson

A color lithograph based on a painting done by American artist Frederic A. Chapman...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Comanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat

Comanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat, oil on canvas by...

George Catlin, Comanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat, 1834-1835, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr., 1985.66.346

Landing of Columbus

Landing of Columbus, oil on canvas by John Vanderlyn, 1846; in the U.S....

Architect of the Capitol

Jacques Cartier

This map details the first two voyages of Jacques Cartier.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Jamestown

Jamestown Fort in Virginia (U.S.), c. 1608.

MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Historical interpreters, Maryland

Costumed interpreters in St. Mary's, Maryland, re-creating a scene from life in 17th-century...

Tim Tadder/Maryland Office of Tourism

Maryland colony

Map of Maryland colony.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact, reproduction of an oil painting, 1932.

Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. cph 3g07155)

17th-century New England

Detail of a 17th-century map of New England with the Plymouth colony appearing opposite...

Library of Congress, Rare Book Division

John Winthrop

John Winthrop, detail of an oil painting, school of Sir Anthony Van Dyck, c. 1625–49;...

Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island Roger Williams.

The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library (424056)

William Penn

English Quaker leader William Penn.

© Photos.com—PHOTOS.com>>/Getty Images

Philip Carteret

Philip Carteret arriving at the colony of New Jersey in 1665 to serve as its governor,...

The Granger Collection, New York

James Edward Oglethorpe

James Edward Oglethorpe, panel by A.E. Dyer after a portrait by W. Verelst; in the...

Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

Boston, 1760s

View of Boston in the 1760s.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Philadelphia

Map of Philadelphia, 1776.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Joseph Galloway

American colonial attorney and legislator Joseph Galloway.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Rush, colored engraving, 19th century.

© North Wind Picture Archives

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin's experiment proving the identity of lightning and electricity.

© North Wind Picture Archives

Poor Richard's almanac

Title page for Poor Richard's almanac for 1739, written, printed, and sold...

Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Gilbert Stuart: Mrs. Richard Yates

Mrs. Richard Yates, oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1793–94; in the National...

Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Andrew Mellon Collection

Nassau Hall, King's College

Nassau Hall, built in 1756, was the first and the largest building at King's College...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Jonathan Edwards

Theologian and philosopher Jonathan Edwards.

© North Wind Picture Archives

French and Indian War

British troops under Edward Braddock near Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania, during the...

MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Fort Ticonderoga

Map of Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Death of the marquis de Montcalm

French military leader the marquis de Montcalm dying during the Battle of Quebec,...

The New York Public Library Digital Collection (b13504202)

Pocahontas

Pocahontas, painting based on Simon van de Passe's 1616 engraving.

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; transfer from the National Gallery of Art; gift of the A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, 1942

Haudenosaunee Confederacy

Map of the initial nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, from History of...

Library of Congress, Rare Book Division, Washington, D.C.

Red Jacket

Red Jacket, lithograph on stone by Corbould from a painting by C.B. King, c. 1838....

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ppmsca-05086)

Pontiac

Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa tribe, hand-colored engraving.

© North Wind Picture Archives

triangular trade

Enslaved people cutting sugarcane on the Caribbean island of Antigua, aquatint from...

The British Library (Public Domain)

Stamp Act

Procession in New York opposing the Stamp Act, depicted in a hand-colored woodcut....

© North Wind Picture Archives

Townshend Acts

A notice to the public from Simeon Coley regarding the duties imposed by Lord Townshend.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

James Otis

James Otis, portrait by J. Blackburn, 1755; in the Library of Congress, Washington,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

George III

King George III, c. 1800.

© Photos.com/Getty Images

Lord North

Lord North, detail of a portrait by Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland; in the National...

Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London

Boston Tea Party

Illustration of the Boston Tea Party.

North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy

Common Sense

Title page from Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, 1776.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Declaration of Independence

Image of the Declaration of Independence (1776) taken from an engraving made by printer...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

William Howe

British Gen. William Howe, 1778.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Peace of Paris

Signing the Preliminary Treaty of Peace at Paris, November 30, 1782, print...

U.S. Diplomacy Center

George Washington

Gen. George Washington (riding a white horse) and his staff welcoming a provision...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-pga-0288)

U.S. Constitution

The signing of the U.S. Constitution by 39 members of the Constitutional Convention...

Architect of the Capitol

U.S. Constitution

Original copy of the U.S. Constitution, housed in the National Archives in Washington,...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

The Federalist

The Federalist, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay,...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton, oil on canvas by John Trumbull, c. 1792; in the National Gallery...

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Gift of the Avalon Foundation, 1952.1.1

Auction of enslaved persons

Sale of Estates, Pictures and Slaves in the Rotunda, New Orleans, 1842,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Benjamin Banneker

Benjamin Banneker, from a U.S. commemorative stamp, 1980.

© MMphotos/Alamy

Lyman Beecher

Lyman Beecher, oil on canvas by James Henry Beard, 1842; in the National Portrait...

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Mrs. Fredson Bowers (NPG.75.5)

Caricature of Thomas Paine

English caricature of Thomas Paine's involvement in the French Revolution.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Gilbert Stuart: portrait of John Adams

John Adams, oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1826; in the Smithsonian American Art...

Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.; Adams-Clement Collection, gift of Mary Louisa Adams Clement in memory of her mother, Louisa Catherine Adams Clement (object no. 1950.6.11)

Thomas Jefferson

U.S. Pres. Thomas Jefferson.

© John Parrot—Stocktrek Images/Getty Images

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

John Marshall

John Marshall, crayon portrait by Charles-Balthazar-Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin;...

Courtesy of Duke University, Durham, N.C.

War of 1812 political cartoon

Cartoon from 1812 showing Columbia (the United States) warning Napoleon I that she...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

War of 1812 political cartoon

Cartoon showing Pres. James Madison fleeing from Washington, D.C., which is being...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-1559)

Warships

The U.S.S. Constitution (left) and the British ship HMS Guerriere...

Bettmann—Bettman/Getty Images

Treaty of Ghent

A tableau of the Treaty of Ghent, signed in Belgium, December 24, 1814.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Daniel Boone

American frontiersman Daniel Boone, oil on canvas by James B. Longacre, 1820; in...

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; partial gift of the William T. Kemper Foundation and of the Chapman Hanson Foundation (object no. NPG.2015.102)

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe, lithograph by Kurz and Allison c. 1889.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-pga-01891)

War of 1812 political cartoon

An American political cartoon attacking the alliance between the “Humane British”...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

James Monroe

James Monroe, oil sketch by E.O. Sully, 1836, after a contemporary portrait by Thomas...

Courtesy of the Independence National Historical Park Collection, Philadelphia

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams, daguerreotype by A.S. Southworth and J.J. Hawes, c. 1850; in the...

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, gift of I.N. Phelps Stokes, Edward S. Hawes, Alice Mary Hawes, Marion Augusta Hawes, 1937, (37.14.34), www.metmuseum.org

Nicholas Biddle

American financier Nicholas Biddle.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Panic of 1837

Wood engraving relating to the financial setback experienced on the U.S. frontier...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

John Fitch's steamboat

Illustration of an early version of John Fitch's steamboat.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton, portrait by Elizabeth Emmet, 1815.

Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society

Erie Canal

Barge near the western end of the Erie Canal, New York, mid-1800s.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Henry Clay

American political leader Henry Clay.

© North Wind Picture Archives

Automatic gristmill patent

One of the first U.S. patents granted was to Oliver Evans in 1790 for his automatic...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Eli Whitney: cotton gin sketch

Sketch submitted to the Patent Office by Eli Whitney, showing the operation of the...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American lecturer, poet, and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson, c. 1870.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3a5501)

Herman Melville

Herman Melville, etching after a portrait by Joseph O. Eaton.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3c35949)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Map of Lewis and Clark Expedition by William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, 1804–06.

Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C

P.T. Barnum's tent

P.T. Barnum's mammoth tent housing his menagerie and exhibits.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Stephen Foster

Stephen Foster, 1859.

Courtesy of the Foster Hall Collection, University of Pittsburgh

Irish emigrants

Irish emigrants departing for the United States.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproducution no. LC-USZ62-2022)

Swedish immigrants

Swedish immigrants en route to the western United States in the mid-19th century.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Frances Wright

Feminist Frances Wright was co-editor of the New Harmony Gazette and...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Olympia Brown

Rev. Olympia Brown, undated photograph.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; neg. no. LC USZ 62 53513

Mount Holyoke College

(From left) Abbey Memorial Chapel, Williston Memorial Library, and Clapp Laboratories...

Jim Gipe; courtesy of Mount Holyoke College

Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis de Tocqueville, detail of an oil painting by T. Chassériau; in the Versailles...

H. Roger-Viollet

U.S. Pres. Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson, oil on canvas by Asher B. Durand, c. 1800; in the collection of the...

Bettmann/Getty Images

“Old Hickory” (Andrew Jackson)

Caucus Curs in Full Yell, an 1824 cartoon by James Akin, showing “Old Hickory”...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

William H. Crawford

American political leader William H. Crawford.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Nullification Crisis cartoon

Cartoon drawn during the Nullification Crisis showing the manufacturing North getting...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Horace Mann

American educator Horace Mann.

Courtesy of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio

Charles Fourier

French philosopher Charles Fourier.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

The Liberator

A copy of The Liberator, November 23, 1855.

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.; gift from the Liljenquist Family Collection (object no. 2016.166.41.8)

Lydia M. Child

Lydia M. Child at age 22.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Oneida utopian community

Recruit arriving at the utopian community in Oneida, New York.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

John Tyler

U.S. Pres. John Tyler.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

James K. Polk

U.S. Pres. James K. Polk, c. 1846.

Library of Congress, Washington D.C. (LC-DIG-pga-11757)

Chief Black Hawk

Chief Black Hawk, lithograph by John T. Bowen and published by F.W. Greenough, c....

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Compromise of 1850; Henry Clay

U.S. Senator Henry Clay, in a speech before the Senate, outlining the principal features...

© North Wind Picture Archives

Atlanta: Whitehall Street, 1864

Whitehall Street, Atlanta, Georgia. A typical commercial street in the American South...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-B8171-3608 LC)

Nat Turner

“The Discovery of Nat Turner,” engraving from Popular History of the United States,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Stephen A. Douglas

American politician Stephen A. Douglas, c. 1855–65.

Brady-Handy photograph collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

Pierce, Franklin

Franklin Pierce, oil on canvas by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1853; in the National...

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; transfer from the National Gallery of Art; gift of the A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, 1942 (object no. NPG.65.49)

Attack on Charles Sumner

Engraving showing the attack on Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate, 1856;...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Dred Scott decision

Newspaper notice for a pamphlet on the U.S. Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-132561)

William H. Seward

William H. Seward, photographby Mathew Brady.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Harpers Ferry

View of the town of Harpers Ferry, now in West Virginia, and railroad bridge.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-B8171-7187 DLC)

1860 presidential campaign

“The Undecided Political Prize Fight,” a lithograph depicting the presidential campaign...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-7877)

Jefferson Davis: inauguration

Inauguration of Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederate States of America,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-pga-01584)

Fort Sumter, 1861

Interior view of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, under the Confederate flag, April 15,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-ppmsca-32284)

Battle of Shiloh

Battle of Shiloh, 1862; chromolithograph by Thure de Thulstrup, c. 1888.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-pga-04037)

Battle of Corinth

Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, October 3–4, 1862, color lithograph.

Stock Montage

Battle of Chancellorsville

Gen. Stonewall Jackson's attack at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May...

© North Wind Picture Archives

Gettysburg battlefield

The battlefield of Gettysburg, photograph by Timothy O'Sullivan, July 1863.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-B8184-7964-A DLC)

Lookout Mountain, Tennessee

General Ulysses S. Grant (far left) with (left to right) General John Rawlins, General...

Courtesy, Colorado Historical Society, Denver (image no. F7289)

American Civil War

Union soldiers wrecking railroad lines (making “Sherman's neckties”), Atlanta.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (B8184-10488)

Charles Francis Adams

U.S. diplomat Charles Francis Adams, c. 1861

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-14451)

Lincoln-Johnson campaign banner

Campaign banner for 1864 Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln and running...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Benjamin F. Wade

American politician Benjamin F. Wade.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Henry Winter Davis

American politician Henry Winter Davis.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Andrew Johnson: oath of office

Andrew Johnson taking the oath of office in the parlor of the Kirkwood House, Washington,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson pardoning Confederate soldiers at the White House, Washington, D.C.,...

Harper's Weekly V. 9, No. 459, October 1865

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson; photo from the Brady-Handy Collection.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. Pres. Ulysses S. Grant, c. 1870–85.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Roscoe Conkling

American politician Roscoe Conkling.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Horace Greeley

American newspaper editor Horace Greeley, c. 1855–65.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Samuel J. Tiden

Samuel J. Tilden, candidate in the disputed United States presidential election of...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Rutherford B. Hayes

U.S. Pres. Rutherford B. Hayes, c. 1877–93.

Library of Congress (neg. no. LC-USZ62-13019 )

William Mahone

Gen. William Mahone.

Courtesy Meserve-Kunhardt Collection

Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington, first principal and chief developer of Tuskegee Institute in...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Black Hills; immigrant

Immigrants bound for the goldfields in the Black Hills of South Dakota filling the...

Rare Book and Special Collections Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Cowboy roundup

Cowboys at “mess” during a roundup before a cattle drive in 1887; photo by J.C.H....

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Promontory Point

The completion of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory Point, Utah, on May...

Copyright © 2008 by Dover Publications, Inc. Electronic image © 2008 Dover Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.

John D. Rockefeller

American industrialist John D. Rockefeller.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Andrew Carnegie

American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, April 1905.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3b35116)

Cornelius Vanderbilt

American industrialist Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3a11569)

Leland Stanford

American politician Leland Stanford.

From The Days of a Man, Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher, and Minor Prophet of Democracy, by David Starr Jordan, Vol. 1, 1922

Mesabi Range, Minnesota

Pillsbury Mine in the Mesabi Range, near Hibbing, Minnesota.

Milt and Joan Mann/CameraMann International

Flouring mill

C.C. Washburn's flouring mills, by the Falls of St. Anthony in the historical milling...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. pga 01523)

Cotton mill weaving room

Weaving room in a cotton mill, Augusta, Georgia, late 19th century.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Knights of Labor

"Puck" cartoon attacking James Cardinal Gibbons's support of the Knights of Labor.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Haymarket Affair

Wood engraving of the Haymarket Riot by Thure de Thulstrup, published in Harper's...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader Samuel Gompers, 1911.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-19862)

Grover Cleveland

U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Winfield Scott Hancock

Union general and presidential candidate Winfield Scott Hancock.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-53819)

James A. Garfield

U.S. Pres. James A. Garfield, 1881.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Political cartoon of Chester A. Arthur

Political cartoon of Chester A. Arthur by Joseph Keppler.

Drawing by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (file no. LC-DIG-ppmsca-15781)

Grover Cleveland

U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Pro-high-tariff cartoon

A pro-high-tariff cartoon depicting U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland introducing lower...

MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Benjamin Harrison

U.S. Pres. Benjamin Harrison.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-73640)

Thomas B. Reed

Thomas B. Reed, detail of a portrait by John Singer Sargent; in the U.S. Capitol,...

Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives

John Sherman

American statesman John Sherman.

Brady-Handy photograph collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-cwpbh-04451

Oklahoma land rush

Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, days after the land rush of April 22, 1889.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

James B. Weaver

American politician James B. Weaver, c. 1870–80.

Brady-Handy photograph collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

Grover Cleveland

U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland, undated portrait.

© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Mark Hanna

Mark Hanna, 1903.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

McKinley campaign ribbon

Presidential campaign ribbon for William McKinley, c. 1896.

Americana/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

McKinley inauguration ceremony

U.S. President Grover Cleveland (center left) and President-elect William McKinley...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Klondike Gold Rush

Miner panning for gold in a stream during the Klondike Gold Rush in Canada.

George G. Murdoch/Library and Archives Canada, Accession No. c005389

Rough Riders

Rough Riders, including Theodore Roosevelt (center), at San Juan Hill, Santiago de...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Alfred Thayer Mahan, c. 1904.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3a11341)

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt leading the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, 1898;...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-pga-01946)

Liliuokalani

Liliuokalani, the last Hawaiian monarch.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

John Hay

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, c. 1860–65.

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Russo-Japanese War

An American cartoon (“Let Us Have Peace”) hailing the peacemaking efforts of President...

The Granger Collection, New York

Panama Canal: 1907 Cucaracha slide

Workers dig through the 1907 Cucaracha slide in the Gaillard (or Culebra) Cut, one...

Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-D4-73208)

Woodrow Wilson: first inauguration

Pres. Woodrow Wilson speaking at his first inauguration on the east portico of the...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3a16546)

Granger movement

The Granger movement; lithograph published in 1873.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Tammany Hall politics

Tammany Hall politics; political cartoon by Thomas Nast.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Robert M. La Follette

Sen. Robert M. La Follette, 1906.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Union Stock Yards: beef processing

Beef processing as conducted at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, c. 1900.

Geo. R. Lawrence Co./Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-52728-9)

Presidential Administrations, 1900–18

A 1912 poster shows Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Howard Taft,...

Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-DIG-ds-00696)

Woodrow Wilson and Edith Wilson

U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson and first lady Edith Wilson, 1919.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital photo no. 3b12597u)

Louis Brandeis

American jurist Louis Brandeis, 1916.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican Pres. Victoriano Huerta (seated center) with his cabinet, c. 1913–14.

Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ggbain-14712)

John J. Pershing

Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing (center) inspecting a camp during the U.S. Army expedition...

Underwood & Underwood/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-89220)

Sinking of the Lusitania

The New York Herald reporting the sinking of the Lusitania, a British...

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Ration card

Sugar ration card used during World War I, 1917.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson, undated photograph.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

“Big Four”

The “Big Four” (left to right): David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge, c. 1898.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph.3b25369)

Woodrow Wilson

Former U.S. president Woodrow Wilson leaving his home in 1921, his health broken.

© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Warren G. Harding

U.S. Pres. Warren G. Harding, 1920.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg no. LC-USZ62-91485)

Andrew W. Mellon

Treasury Sec. Andrew W. Mellon, c. 1921.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-56407)

Charles Evans Hughes

Associate Supreme Court justice and former New York Gov. Charles Evans Hughes, 1916.

Genthe photograph collection—Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-agc-7a15120)

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge taking the oath of office as U.S. president, 1925.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Initiation ceremony

A Ku Klux Klan initiation ceremony, 1920s.

Jack Benton—Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Scopes Trial

William Jennings Bryan (lower left, with fan) and Clarence Darrow (center right,...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Prohibition

New York City Deputy Police Commissioner John A. Leach (right) watching agents pour...

New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-123257)

Al Smith

New York Gov. Al Smith in an undated photograph.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Great Depression: breadline

Detail of a sculpture by George Segal depicting unemployed men in a breadline during...

© Zack Frank/stock.adobe.com

New Deal pin

Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal pin, 1932.

Collection of David J. and Janice L. Frent

Civilian Conservation Corps

New members of the Civilian Conservation Corps waiting to be fitted for shoes at...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Huey Long

Sen. Huey Long, 1935.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-hec-38172)

Works Progress Administration

A poster by Vera Bock for the Works Progress Administration, c. 1936–41.

Work Projects Administration Poster Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital file no. cph 3b48737)

Alf Landon

Kansas Gov. Alf Landon, c. 1936.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (cph 3c27381)

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State Cordell Hull.

U.S. Department of State

Draft protest

Demonstrators in New York City protesting against peacetime conscription prior to...

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Ford Island in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as seen from a Japanese aircraft during the...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Douglas Aircraft factory

Two women working at a Douglas Aircraft Company factory in El Segundo, California,...

Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information photograph collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (fsa 8e01286)

United States: manufacturing during World War II

Men working on bombers at an aircraft plant in Baltimore, Maryland, 1942.

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, The New York Public Library (1211919)

Thomas E. Dewey

New York Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, c. 1948.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Yalta Conference

Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Premier Joseph...

U.S. Army Photo

North Atlantic Treaty

U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson signing the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4,...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Joseph McCarthy

U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy (center) during an investigation into alleged communist...

© APA—Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Korean War

U.S. troops preparing for the assault on Inch'ŏn during the Korean War, September...

© Bert Hardy—Picture Post/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Adlai E. Stevenson

Illinois governor Adlai E. Stevenson waving to supporters before speaking at Madison...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Montgomery bus boycott

Black Americans walking to work during the Montgomery bus boycott, February 1956,...

© Don Cravens—The Chronicle Collection/Getty Images

Little Rock Nine

African American students walking onto the campus of Central High School in Little...

AP Images

Explorer I

(From left) William H. Pickering, James Van Allen, and Wernher von Braun raising...

NASA/JPL

Lyndon B. Johnson

U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1969.

Yoichi R. Okamoto, The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum/National Archives and Records Administration

Freedom Riders

Freedom Riders preparing to board a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, May 24, 1961.

Perry Aycock/AP Images

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader Cesar Chavez, 1972.

National Archives, Washington, D.C. (544069)

Russell Means

Oglala Sioux activist Russell Means.

Bettmann/Getty Images

Vietnam War

Demonstrator offering a flower to a military police officer during a protest against...

Staff Sergeant Albert Simpson—U.S. Army Signal Corps/NARA

Vietnam War

Military conscription was common during the Vietnam War of the 1960s and early 1970s.

AP Images

Kent State shooting

Ohio National Guardsmen moving across the Commons toward Taylor Hall at Kent (Ohio)...

News Service May 4 photographs. Kent State University Libraries. Special Collections and Archives.

Watergate scandal

White House reporters watching the televised Watergate address by U.S. Pres. Richard...

© Archive Photos

Richard Nixon: farewell speech

U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon, with his daughter Tricia Cox looking on, bidding farewell...

Oliver F. Atkins—White House Photo/Nixon Presidential Library and Museum/NARA

Gerald Ford

Gerald Ford being sworn in as U.S. president, August 9, 1974.

Robert L. Knudsen —White House Photo/Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library

Iran hostage crisis

Blindfolded American hostage surrounded by captors outside the U.S. embassy in Tehrān,...

MPI—Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Bill Clinton

U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton.

U.S. Department of Defense

Hillary Clinton and C. Everett Koop

Former U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop (left) and first lady Hillary Clinton...

White House Photo—The C. Everett Koop Papers/National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland

Oklahoma City bombing

The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the wake of the...

David Glass/AP Images

On the campaign trail

Chelsea Clinton (left), first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, and U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton...

National Archives, Washington, D.C.

George W. Bush

Republican candidate George W. Bush campaigns in South Carolina in 2000.

Mark Wilson/Getty Images

September 11 attacks

Smoke and flames erupting from the twin towers of New York City's World Trade Center...

Chao Soi Cheong/AP

Iraq War

Explosions illuminating the skies of Baghdad during the U.S.-led air bombardment...

Ali Heider/AP Images

John McCain

U.S. Sen. John McCain giving a campaign speech at a rally near St. Louis, Missouri,...

© R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterfree, Llc/Dreamstime.com

Economic recession

Store closings, one of the consequences of an economic recession, 2009.

© Carolyn Franks—Whitestar1955/Dreamstime.com

Julian Assange

WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange at a news conference, 2010.

Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images News

Occupy Wall Street

Demonstrators at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City, October 10, 2011.

Timothy A. Clary—AFP/Getty Images

Mitt Romney

Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, 2010.

© Christopher Halloran/Shutterstock.com

Barack Obama voting

U.S. Pres. Barack Obama voting in the 2012 general election.

Official White House Photo by Pete Souza

Migrant children

U.S. Border Patrol agents processing a group of Central American migrants who entered...

© Charles Ommanney—Reportage/Getty Images

Raúl Castro and Barack Obama

U.S. Pres. Barack Obama (right) and Cuban Pres. Raúl Castro making televised addresses...

© Anthony Behar—Pool via CNP/DPA

Data breach

Red unlock symbol, indicating a data breach or hack.

© weerapat1003/Fotolia

Baltimore riots

A protester walking through tear gas as police enforce a mandatory city-wide curfew...

© Andrew Burton/Getty Images

White House

People gathering in Lafayette Park to see the White House illuminated with rainbow...

© Mladen Antonov—AFP/Getty Images

Campaign of Donald Trump

Donald Trump campaigning in St. Louis, Missouri, March 11, 2016.

© Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock.com

Bernie Sanders

U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders campaigning in Phoenix, Arizona, March 19, 2016.

Gage Skidmore

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton at a campaign rally, 2016.

© Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com

Donald Trump and Mike Pence

Donald Trump and Mike Pence on election night in 2016. Their relationship grew strained...

John Locher/AP Images

Neil Gorsuch

U.S. Supreme Court justice Neil Gorsuch.

10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals

#MeToo

Young woman extending a card reading “#MeToo.”

© Fitz/Adobe Stock

Kim Jong-Un

North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, 2017.

KCNA/EPA-EFE/REX/Shutterstock.com

House Democratic women members

Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (center, front row, white jacket) posing for photographs...

© Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images

Robert Mueller

Special counsel Robert Mueller testifying before the U.S. Congress, 2019.

© Shutterstock.com

COVID-19 pandemic: testing

Health care workers test people for COVID-19 at a drive-through testing center in...

Bruce Bennett/Getty Images

COVID-19 vaccine

A nurse administering a dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in Tampa, Florida, in...

Octavio Jones/Getty Images

Joe Manchin

West Virginia Sen. Joe Manchin, 2011.

Office of U.S. Senator Joe Manchin III

Joe Biden and Kamala Harris

U.S. Pres. Joe Biden speaking alongside Vice Pres. Kamala Harris during a press conference on...

Samuel Corum/Getty Images

Afghanistan airlift

Families boarding a U.S. Air Force military transport aircraft at Hamid Karzai International...

U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Samuel Ruiz/U.S. Department of Defense

Afghanistan airlift

More than 800 Afghan citizens crowding a U.S. Air Force military transport aircraft...

U.S. Air Force/U.S. Department of Defense

Russia-Ukraine War

People, mainly women and children, making their way through a railway station in...

 Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images News

U.S. Pres. John Adams

John Adams, oil on canvas by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1800–15; in the National Gallery...

Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; gift of Mrs. Robert Homans, 1954.7.1

John Quincy Adams.

© Archive Photos

Martin Van Buren

U.S. Pres. Martin Van Buren.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Harrison, William Henry

William Henry Harrison, detail of an oil painting by Abel Nichols; in the Peabody...

Courtesy, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts/Essex Institute Collections

John Tyler

U.S. Pres. John Tyler, oil painting by Hart, c. 1841–45; in the Library of Virginia,...

The Library of Virginia

James K. Polk

James K. Polk, daguerreotype by Mathew Brady, 1849.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Zachary Taylor

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-13012)

Buchanan, James

James Buchanan, photograph by Mathew Brady.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln, photograph by Anthony Berger of the Mathew Brady Studio, February...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Abolitionist and president

As a lawyer in 1855, Chester A. Arthur, represented Lizzie Jennings, a Black woman,...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Grover Cleveland

U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Benjamin Harrison

U.S. Pres. Benjamin Harrison, photograph by George Prince, 1888.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

William McKinley

U.S. Pres. William McKinley, c. 1896.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-96358)

William Howard Taft

U.S. Pres. William Howard Taft, 1909.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Warren G. Harding

U.S. Pres. Warren G. Harding.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Calvin Coolidge

Undated photograph of U.S. Pres. Calvin Coolidge.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, Harry S. Truman led his country through the final stages...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-13033)

John F. Kennedy

U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy.

© Arnie Sachs—Consolidated News Pictures/Archive Photos/Getty Images

Richard Nixon

U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon.

© Gianni Ferrari—Cover/Getty Images

Gerald Ford

Gerald Ford was the only person to have served as U.S. vice president and U.S. president...

The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum

Jimmy Carter

U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter.

Courtesy: Jimmy Carter Library

Ronald Reagan

U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

Courtesy, The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

George Bush

U.S. Pres. George H.W. Bush.

© Wally McNamee—Corbis Historical/Getty Images

George W. Bush

U.S. Pres. George W. Bush.

Eric Draper/White House Photo

Barack Obama

Barack Obama.

Courtesy of the Office of U.S. Senator Barack Obama

Joe Biden

Official portrait of Vice Pres. Joe Biden, 2012.

David Lienemann—Official White House Photo

U.S. Vice Pres. Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr, oil painting by John Vanderlyn, 1809; in the collection of the New-York...

Collection of The New-York Historical Society

U.S. Vice Pres. George Clinton

George Clinton, detail of an oil painting by Ezra Ames, 1814; in the collection of...

Collection of The New-York Historical Society

U.S. Vice Pres. Elbridge Gerry

Elbridge Gerry, detail of an oil painting by James Bogle, 1861, after a portrait...

Courtesy of the Independence National Historical Park Collection, Philadelphia

Tompkins, Daniel D.

Daniel D. Tompkins.

The New York Public Library Digital Collection; The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs (b13512824)

John Calhoun

John Calhoun, detail of a daguerreotype by Mathew Brady, c. 1849.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Richard Johnson

U.S. Vice Pres. Richard Johnson, lithograph portrait by Charles Fenderich, 1840.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Dallas, George

George Dallas, engraving by T.B. Welch.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

William Rufus de Vane King.

© Archive Photos

John C. Breckinridge

U.S. Vice Pres. John C. Breckinridge, photograph by Brady's National Photographic...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ppmsca-79879)

Hamlin, Hannibal

Hannibal Hamlin.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Colfax, Schuyler

Schuyler Colfax.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wilson, Henry

Henry Wilson.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wheeler, William

William Wheeler.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Hendricks, Thomas

Vice president Thomas Hendricks.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Morton, Levi

Vice president Levi Morton.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Adlai Stevenson

U.S. Vice Pres. Adlai Stevenson, undated photograph.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-bellcm-03047)

Hobart, Garret

Vice president Garret Hobart, 1896.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Charles Fairbanks

Indiana Sen. Charles Fairbanks, c. 1904.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-29674)

James Sherman

James Sherman.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-DIG-hec-15676)

Charles G. Dawes

Vice president Charles G. Dawes, 1925.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

John Nance Garner

U.S. Vice Pres. John Nance Garner, undated photograph.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Alben Barkley

U.S. vice president Alben Barkley.

© Archive Photos

Spiro Agnew

U.S. vice president Spiro Agnew.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Walter Mondale

Walter Mondale.

© Sonia Moskowitz—Images Press/Archive Photos/Getty Images

Dan Quayle.

© Diana Walker—The Chronicle Collection/Getty Images

Al Gore

U.S. Vice President Al Gore.

© Jeffrey Markowitz—Sygma/Getty Images

Cheney, Dick

U.S. vice president Dick Cheney

The White House; photograph, David Bohrer

From author to vice president

J.D. Vance, shown here in 2023, was 31 years old when he wrote Hillbilly Elegy....

Office of U.S. Senator J.D. Vance

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams, oil on canvas by Gilbert Stuart, 1800–15; in the National Gallery...

Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Gift of Mrs. Robert Homans, 1954.7.2

Adams, Louisa

Louisa Adams, oil on canvas by Charles Bird King, 1821–25.

ART Collection/Alamy

Arthur, Ellen

Ellen Arthur.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. lc-usz62-25794)

Jill Biden

Jill Biden.

Ralph Alswang courtesy of The White House

Barbara Bush

First lady Barbara Bush, 1989.

George Bush Presidential Library

Laura Bush

First lady Laura Bush, 2002.

Susan Sterner/White House photo

Rosalynn Carter

First lady Rosalynn Carter, shown in 1977, brought a practical, egalitarian sensibility...

White House photo/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZCN4-117)

Frances Cleveland.

MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Coolidge, Grace

Grace Coolidge, c. 1924.

Harris & Ewing Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Mamie Eisenhower.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Fillmore, Abigail

Abigail Fillmore; engraving by H.B. Hall

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Betty Ford

First lady Betty Ford, 1974.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZC4-2019)

Lucretia Garfield

Lucretia Garfield, who married James A. Garfield in 1858.

Brady-Handy Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Grant, Julia

Julia Grant

Brady-Handy Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Harding, Florence

Florence Harding

Underwood & Underwood Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Harrison, Anna

First lady Anna Harrison, oil painting by Cornelia Stuart Cassady, 1843.

© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Harrison, Caroline

Caroline Harrison.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC USZ 62 25798)

Hayes, Lucy

Lucy Hayes, c. 1877; photograph by C.M. Bell.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Hoover, Lou

Lou Hoover

Underwood & Underwood Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62- 25811)

Rachel Jackson

First lady Rachel Jackson, engraving by John Chester Buttre, 1883

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. 3a53325)

Silhouette of Martha Jefferson, the only known image of her.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Eliza Johnson

First lady Eliza Johnson, digitally colorized image of a c. 1883 engraving by John...

© North Wind Picture Archives

Lady Bird Johnson

First lady Lady Bird Johnson, 1967.

Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum; photograph, Robert Knudsen

Jacqueline Kennedy

Jacqueline Kennedy, 1961.

White House photo/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Harriet Lane

Acting first lady Harriet Lane, undated photograph.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-25788)

Mary Todd Lincoln

Mary Todd Lincoln.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC USZ 62 15325)

Dolley Madison

Dolley Madison, painting by Rembrandt Peale.

The Picture Art Collection/Alamy

McKinley, Ida

Ida McKinley.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Elizabeth Monroe

First lady Elizabeth Monroe, illustration from Presiding Ladies of the White...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ61-1239)

Pat Nixon

First lady Pat Nixon, c. 1970s.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

Michelle Obama

First Lady Michelle Obama posing for her official portrait, the first-ever first...

Joyce N. Boghosian/The White House

Jane Pierce

First lady Jane Pierce, engraving by John Chester Buttre, c. 1886.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-USZ62-25787 DLC)

Sarah Polk

First lady Sarah Polk.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-25782)

Nancy Reagan

First lady Nancy Reagan, 1983.

Everett Collection

Edith Roosevelt

First lady Edith Roosevelt, detail of a photograph, c. 1900–10.

Brady-Handy Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-25803)

Taft, Helen

Helen Taft.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC USZ 62 25804)

Truman, Bess

Bess Truman

Harris & Ewing Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-25813)

Taking center stage

Melania Trump speaking at the Republican National Convention, 2016.

Anthony Behar—Sipa USA/AP Images

Julia Tyler

First lady Julia Tyler, photographic print of oil on canvas painting by Francesco...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (file no. LC-DIG-hec-03116)

Letitia Tyler

First lady Letitia Tyler, c. 1835. Tyler was the first president's wife to die in...

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-25779C)

Hannah Van Buren

First lady Hannah Van Buren; in the collection of the Martin Van Buren National Historic...

© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Martha Washington

First lady Martha Washington, colored lithograph, c. 1876.

© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

Ellen Wilson

Woodrow Wilson's first wife, Ellen Wilson, c. 1912.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Alabama

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Alaska

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Arizona

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Hawaii

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Iowa

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

state seal of Nebraska

The Nebraska state seal may only be used with the express written permission of the Nebraska Secretary of State

Nevada

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

New Mexico flag

New Mexico's first flag, adopted on March 19, 1915, was one of the few state flags...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Texas

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Utah

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Utah state flag

For more than a century the flag of Utah featured the state seal at its center. In...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Virginia state flag

Virginia's flag, formally adopted in 1930, actually dates from the American Civil...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Wyoming

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Tornado Alley

Map of the average annual frequency of tornadoes in the United States, showing the...

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

U.S. coal deposits

Coal-bearing areas of the conterminous United States.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The Rio Grande basin and its drainage network.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

U.S. soil regions

Soil regions of the United States, showing areas covered by soil orders of the U.S....

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Alaska

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

(Top) Indigenous communities in Canada and (bottom) reservations in the United States.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Hispanic population by state in the United States, 2000.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Percent increase in U.S. Hispanic population by county, 1990–2000.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Plant Hardiness Zone Map

The 2023 Plant Hardiness Zone Map by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

Soil regions of the United States, showing areas covered by soil orders of the U.S....

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

Indian gaming

U.S. states that allow Indian gaming.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.


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