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MathML Accessibility API Mappings 1.0

The MathML Accessibility API Mappings (MathML-AAM) specification defines how user agents map Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) [MathML3] to platform accessibility APIs. It extends the Core Accessibility API Mappings (CORE-AAM) specification [CORE-AAM-1.2].

This specification is intended for user agent developers responsible for MathML accessibility in their product. The goal of this specification is to maximize the accessibility of MathML content by ensuring each assistive technology receives MathML content with the roles, states, and properties it expects.

At the present time, this specification contains mappings for the subset of MathML contained in the MathML Core specification [MathML-Core]. The reason why is that this subset contains the elements and attributes from MathML which are exposed to assistive technologies via platform accessibility APIs.

The MathML-AAM is part of the WAI-ARIA suite described in the WAI-ARIA Overview.

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C standards and drafts index.

This document is a work in progress.

To provide feedback, please create or comment on an issue in the W3C MathML Accessibility API Mappings GitHub repository. If this is not feasible, send email to public-aria@w3.org.

This document was published by the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group as an Editor's Draft.

Publication as an Editor's Draft does not imply endorsement by W3C and its Members.

This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress.

This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent that the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

This document is governed by the 18 August 2025 W3C Process Document.

1. Abstract
2. Status of This Document
3. 1. Introduction
4. 2. Conformance
   1. 2.1 Deprecated
5. 3. Mapping MathML to Accessibility APIs
   1. 3.1 General rules for exposing WAI-ARIA semantics
   2. 3.2 Conflicts between native semantics and WAI-ARIA
   3. 3.3 Exposing features that do not directly map to accessibility API
   4. 3.4 MathML Element Mappings
      1. 3.4.1 annotation
      2. 3.4.2 annotation-xml
      3. 3.4.3 maction
      4. 3.4.4 math
      5. 3.4.5 merror
      6. 3.4.6 mfrac
      7. 3.4.7 mi
      8. 3.4.8 mmultiscripts
      9. 3.4.9 mn
      10. 3.4.10 mo
      11. 3.4.11 mover
      12. 3.4.12 mpadded
      13. 3.4.13 mphantom
      14. 3.4.14 mprescripts
      15. 3.4.15 mroot
      16. 3.4.16 mrow
      17. 3.4.17 ms
      18. 3.4.18 mspace
      19. 3.4.19 msqrt
      20. 3.4.20 mstyle
      21. 3.4.21 msub
      22. 3.4.22 msubsup
      23. 3.4.23 msup
      24. 3.4.24 mtable
      25. 3.4.25 mtd
      26. 3.4.26 mtext
      27. 3.4.27 mtr
      28. 3.4.28 munder
      29. 3.4.29 munderover
      30. 3.4.30 none
      31. 3.4.31 semantics
6. A. Change Log
   1. A.1 Substantive changes since the last public working draft
   2. A.2 Substantive changes since the creation of this specification
7. B. Acknowledgments
   1. B.1 ARIA WG participants at the time of publication
   2. B.2 Enabling funders
8. C. References
   1. C.1 Normative references
   2. C.2 Informative references

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key word MUST in this document is to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, it appears in all capitals, as shown here.

Normative sections provide requirements that user agents and assistive technologies MUST follow for an implementation to conform to this specification.

Non-normative (informative) sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections may contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such recommendations in order to conform to this specification.

There are currently no deprecated requirements.

User agents MUST conform to General rules for exposing WAI-ARIA semantics in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

User agents MUST conform to Conflicts between native markup semantics and WAI-ARIA in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

User agents MUST conform to Exposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibility API properties in [CORE-AAM-1.2].

Use WAI-ARIA mapping

Use WAI-ARIA mapping

Use WAI-ARIA mapping

Use WAI-ARIA mapping

AXAttributes:

• AXMathPostscripts is an array of dictionaries of AXMathSubscript and AXMathSupscript pointing to postsubscript and postsupscript elements , i.e. N and N + 1 in-flow children starting from the second in-flow child and preceeding mprescripts element if any;
• AXMathPrescripts is an array of dictionaries of AXMathSubscript and AXMathSupscript pointing to presubscript and presupscript elements, i.e. N and N + 1 in-flow children starting after mprescripts element if any or from index 1.

This section is non-normative.

The following people contributed to the development of this document.

• Alexander Surkov
• Carolyn MacLeod
• Daniel Montalvo
• Frédéric Wang
• joanmarie
• Peter Krautzberger
• Valerie Young

This publication has been funded in part with U.S. Federal funds from the Department of Education, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), initially under contract number ED-OSE-10-C-0067, then under contract number HHSP23301500054C, and now under HHS75P00120P00168. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

[CORE-AAM-1.2]

Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.2. Valerie Young; Cynthia Shelly. W3C. 26 September 2025. CRD. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2/

[html]

HTML Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Dominic Farolino; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/

[MathML3]

Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 3.0 2nd Edition. David Carlisle; Patrick D F Ion; Robert R Miner. W3C. 10 April 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/

[RFC2119]

Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119

[RFC8174]

Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174

[wai-aria-1.1]

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1. Joanmarie Diggs; Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Richard Schwerdtfeger; James Craig. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/

[dom]

DOM Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/

[infra]

Infra Standard. Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/

[MathML-Core]

MathML Core. David Carlisle; Frédéric Wang. URL: https://mathml-refresh.github.io/mathml-core/

[wai-aria]

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0. James Craig; Michael Cooper et al. W3C. 20 March 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria/

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