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ICU 77.1: icu::UnicodeString Class Reference

UnicodeString is a string class that stores Unicode characters directly and provides similar functionality as the Java String and StringBuffer/StringBuilder classes. More...

#include <unistr.h>

UnicodeString is a string class that stores Unicode characters directly and provides similar functionality as the Java String and StringBuffer/StringBuilder classes.

It is a concrete implementation of the abstract class Replaceable (for transliteration).

The UnicodeString equivalent of std::string’s clear() is remove().

A UnicodeString may "alias" an external array of characters (that is, point to it, rather than own the array) whose lifetime must then at least match the lifetime of the aliasing object. This aliasing may be preserved when returning a UnicodeString by value, depending on the compiler and the function implementation, via Return Value Optimization (RVO) or the move assignment operator. (However, the copy assignment operator does not preserve aliasing.) For details see the description of storage models at the end of the class API docs and in the User Guide chapter linked from there.

The UnicodeString class is not suitable for subclassing.

For an overview of Unicode strings in C and C++ see the User Guide Strings chapter.

In ICU, a Unicode string consists of 16-bit Unicode code units. A Unicode character may be stored with either one code unit (the most common case) or with a matched pair of special code units ("surrogates"). The data type for code units is char16_t. For single-character handling, a Unicode character code point is a value in the range 0..0x10ffff. ICU uses the UChar32 type for code points.

Indexes and offsets into and lengths of strings always count code units, not code points. This is the same as with multi-byte char* strings in traditional string handling. Operations on partial strings typically do not test for code point boundaries. If necessary, the user needs to take care of such boundaries by testing for the code unit values or by using functions like UnicodeString::getChar32Start() and UnicodeString::getChar32Limit() (or, in C, the equivalent macros U16_SET_CP_START() and U16_SET_CP_LIMIT(), see utf.h).

UnicodeString methods are more lenient with regard to input parameter values than other ICU APIs. In particular:

• If indexes are out of bounds for a UnicodeString object (< 0 or > length()) then they are "pinned" to the nearest boundary.
• If the buffer passed to an insert/append/replace operation is owned by the target object, e.g., calling str.append(str), an extra copy may take place to ensure safety.
• If primitive string pointer values (e.g., const char16_t * or char *) for input strings are nullptr, then those input string parameters are treated as if they pointed to an empty string. However, this is not the case for char * parameters for charset names or other IDs.
• Most UnicodeString methods do not take a UErrorCode parameter because there are usually very few opportunities for failure other than a shortage of memory, error codes in low-level C++ string methods would be inconvenient, and the error code as the last parameter (ICU convention) would prevent the use of default parameter values. Instead, such methods set the UnicodeString into a "bogus" state (see isBogus()) if an error occurs.

In string comparisons, two UnicodeString objects that are both "bogus" compare equal (to be transitive and prevent endless loops in sorting), and a "bogus" string compares less than any non-"bogus" one.

Const UnicodeString methods are thread-safe. Multiple threads can use const methods on the same UnicodeString object simultaneously, but non-const methods must not be called concurrently (in multiple threads) with any other (const or non-const) methods.

Similarly, const UnicodeString & parameters are thread-safe. One object may be passed in as such a parameter concurrently in multiple threads. This includes the const UnicodeString & parameters for copy construction, assignment, and cloning.

UnicodeString uses several storage methods. String contents can be stored inside the UnicodeString object itself, in an allocated and shared buffer, or in an outside buffer that is "aliased". Most of this is done transparently, but careful aliasing in particular provides significant performance improvements. Also, the internal buffer is accessible via special functions. For details see the User Guide Strings chapter.

See also

utf.h

CharacterIterator

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 295 of file unistr.h.

Constant to be used in the UnicodeString(char *, int32_t, EInvariant) constructor which constructs a Unicode string from an invariant-character char * string.

Use the macro US_INV instead of the full qualification for this value.

See also

US_INV

Stable:

ICU 3.2

Definition at line 307 of file unistr.h.

Construct a UnicodeString with capacity to hold capacity char16_ts.

Parameters

capacity the number of char16_ts this UnicodeString should hold before a resize is necessary; if count is greater than 0 and count code points c take up more space than capacity, then capacity is adjusted accordingly. c is used to initially fill the string count specifies how many code points c are to be written in the string

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Single char16_t (code unit) constructor.

It is recommended to mark this constructor "explicit" by -DUNISTR_FROM_CHAR_EXPLICIT=explicit on the compiler command line or similar.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Single UChar32 (code point) constructor.

It is recommended to mark this constructor "explicit" by -DUNISTR_FROM_CHAR_EXPLICIT=explicit on the compiler command line or similar.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 2.0

nullptr_t constructor.

Effectively the same as the default constructor, makes an empty string object.

It is recommended to mark this constructor "explicit" by -DUNISTR_FROM_STRING_EXPLICIT=explicit on the compiler command line or similar.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 4186 of file unistr.h.

char16_t* constructor.

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

UnicodeString()

Construct an empty UnicodeString.

Parameters

text The characters to place in the UnicodeString. textLength The number of Unicode characters in text to copy.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

uint16_t * constructor.

Delegates to UnicodeString(const char16_t *, int32_t).

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

Parameters

text UTF-16 string textLength string length

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 3225 of file unistr.h.

wchar_t * constructor.

(Only defined if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2.) Delegates to UnicodeString(const char16_t *, int32_t).

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

Parameters

text UTF-16 string textLength string length

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 3247 of file unistr.h.

nullptr_t constructor.

Effectively the same as the default constructor, makes an empty string object.

Parameters

text nullptr textLength ignored

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 4190 of file unistr.h.

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Constructor from text which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view.

The string is bogus if the string view is too long.

If you need a UnicodeString but need not copy the string view contents, then you can call the UnicodeString::readOnlyAlias() function instead of this constructor.

Parameters

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 3274 of file unistr.h.

Readonly-aliasing char16_t* constructor.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has copy-on-write semantics: When the string is modified, then the buffer is first copied into newly allocated memory. The aliased buffer is never modified.

In an assignment to another UnicodeString, when using the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the text will be copied. When using fastCopyFrom(), the text will be aliased again, so that both strings then alias the same readonly-text.

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

static UnicodeString readOnlyAlias(const S &text)

Readonly-aliasing factory method.

Parameters

isTerminated specifies if text is NUL-terminated. This must be true if textLength==-1. text The characters to alias for the UnicodeString. textLength The number of Unicode characters in text to alias. If -1, then this constructor will determine the length by calling u_strlen().

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Writable-aliasing char16_t* constructor.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has write-through semantics: For as long as the capacity of the buffer is sufficient, write operations will directly affect the buffer. When more capacity is necessary, then a new buffer will be allocated and the contents copied as with regularly constructed strings. In an assignment to another UnicodeString, the buffer will be copied. The extract(Char16Ptr dst) function detects whether the dst pointer is the same as the string buffer itself and will in this case not copy the contents.

Parameters

buffer The characters to alias for the UnicodeString. buffLength The number of Unicode characters in buffer to alias. buffCapacity The size of buffer in char16_ts.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Writable-aliasing uint16_t * constructor.

Delegates to UnicodeString(const char16_t *, int32_t, int32_t).

Parameters

buffer writable buffer of/for UTF-16 text buffLength length of the current buffer contents buffCapacity buffer capacity

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 3343 of file unistr.h.

Writable-aliasing wchar_t * constructor.

(Only defined if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2.) Delegates to UnicodeString(const char16_t *, int32_t, int32_t).

Parameters

buffer writable buffer of/for UTF-16 text buffLength length of the current buffer contents buffCapacity buffer capacity

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 3357 of file unistr.h.

Writable-aliasing nullptr_t constructor.

Effectively the same as the default constructor, makes an empty string object.

Parameters

buffer nullptr buffLength ignored buffCapacity ignored

Stable:

ICU 59

Definition at line 4194 of file unistr.h.

char* constructor.

Uses the default converter (and thus depends on the ICU conversion code) unless U_CHARSET_IS_UTF8 is set to 1.

For ASCII (really "invariant character") strings it is more efficient to use the constructor that takes a US_INV (for its enum EInvariant).

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

It is recommended to mark this constructor "explicit" by -DUNISTR_FROM_STRING_EXPLICIT=explicit on the compiler command line or similar.

Parameters

codepageData an array of bytes, null-terminated, in the platform's default codepage.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

char* constructor.

Uses the default converter (and thus depends on the ICU conversion code) unless U_CHARSET_IS_UTF8 is set to 1.

Parameters

codepageData an array of bytes in the platform's default codepage. dataLength The number of bytes in codepageData.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

char* constructor.

Parameters

codepageData an array of bytes, null-terminated codepage the encoding of codepageData. The special value 0 for codepage indicates that the text is in the platform's default codepage.

If codepage is an empty string (""), then a simple conversion is performed on the codepage-invariant subset ("invariant characters") of the platform encoding. See utypes.h. Recommendation: For invariant-character strings use the constructor UnicodeString(const char *src, int32_t length, enum EInvariant inv) because it avoids object code dependencies of UnicodeString on the conversion code.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

char* constructor.

Parameters

codepageData an array of bytes. dataLength The number of bytes in codepageData. codepage the encoding of codepageData. The special value 0 for codepage indicates that the text is in the platform's default codepage. If codepage is an empty string (""), then a simple conversion is performed on the codepage-invariant subset ("invariant characters") of the platform encoding. See utypes.h. Recommendation: For invariant-character strings use the constructor UnicodeString(const char *src, int32_t length, enum EInvariant inv) because it avoids object code dependencies of UnicodeString on the conversion code.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

char * / UConverter constructor.

This constructor uses an existing UConverter object to convert the codepage string to Unicode and construct a UnicodeString from that.

The converter is reset at first. If the error code indicates a failure before this constructor is called, or if an error occurs during conversion or construction, then the string will be bogus.

This function avoids the overhead of opening and closing a converter if multiple strings are constructed.

Parameters

src input codepage string srcLength length of the input string, can be -1 for NUL-terminated strings cnv converter object (ucnv_resetToUnicode() will be called), can be nullptr for the default converter errorCode normal ICU error code

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Constructs a Unicode string from an invariant-character char * string.

About invariant characters see utypes.h. This constructor has no runtime dependency on conversion code and is therefore recommended over ones taking a charset name string (where the empty string "" indicates invariant-character conversion).

Use the macro US_INV as the third, signature-distinguishing parameter.

For example:

void fn(const char *s) {

}

#define US_INV

Constant to be used in the UnicodeString(char *, int32_t, EInvariant) constructor which constructs a ...

Note, for string literals: Since C++17 and ICU 76, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"other literal") { ... }

Parameters

src String using only invariant characters. textLength Length of src, or -1 if NUL-terminated. inv Signature-distinguishing parameter, use US_INV.

See also

US_INV

Stable:

ICU 3.2

Copy constructor.

Starting with ICU 2.4, the assignment operator and the copy constructor allocate a new buffer and copy the buffer contents even for readonly aliases. By contrast, the fastCopyFrom() function implements the old, more efficient but less safe behavior of making this string also a readonly alias to the same buffer.

If the source object has an "open" buffer from getBuffer(minCapacity), then the copy is an empty string.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 2.0

See also

fastCopyFrom

Move constructor; might leave src in bogus state.

This string will have the same contents and state that the source string had.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 56

'Substring' constructor from tail of source string.

Parameters

src The UnicodeString object to copy. srcStart The offset into src at which to start copying.

Stable:

ICU 2.2

'Substring' constructor from subrange of source string.

Parameters

src The UnicodeString object to copy. srcStart The offset into src at which to start copying. srcLength The number of characters from src to copy.

Stable:

ICU 2.2

Append the code unit srcChar to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

srcChar the code unit to append

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4981 of file unistr.h.

Append the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength) to the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

srcChars the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcChars where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcChars in the append string; can be -1 if srcChars is NUL-terminated

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4970 of file unistr.h.

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Appends the characters in src which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view, to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

src the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 2300 of file unistr.h.

Append the characters in srcText to the UnicodeString object.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4966 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Append the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength) to the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

srcText the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcText where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcText in the append string

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4960 of file unistr.h.

Referenced by icu::Transliterator::setID().

Append the characters in srcChars to the UnicodeString object.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

srcChars the source for the new characters srcLength the number of Unicode characters in srcChars; can be -1 if srcChars is NUL-terminated

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4976 of file unistr.h.

Append the code point srcChar to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

srcChar the code point to append

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(text.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

text Another string to compare this one to. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4443 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(srcChars.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4456 of file unistr.h.

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(srcChars.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4481 of file unistr.h.

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(srcChars.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4473 of file unistr.h.

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(srcText.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4463 of file unistr.h.

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compare(srcText.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4448 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare two strings case-insensitively using full case folding.

This is equivalent to this->foldCase(options).compareBetween(text.foldCase(options)).

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. limit The offset after the last code unit from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLimit The offset after the last code unit from that string to compare. options A bit set of options:

• U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or 0 is used for default options: Comparison in code unit order with default case folding.
• U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER Set to choose code point order instead of code unit order (see u_strCompare for details).
• U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A negative, zero, or positive integer indicating the comparison result.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4491 of file unistr.h.

Return the code point that contains the code unit at offset offset.

If the offset is not valid (0..length()-1) then U+ffff is returned.

Parameters

offset a valid offset into the text that indicates the text offset of any of the code units that will be assembled into a code point (21-bit value) and returned

Returns

the code point of text at offset or 0xffff if the offset is not valid for this string

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Referenced by icu::DecimalFormatSymbols::setSymbol().

Return the code unit at offset offset.

If the offset is not valid (0..length()-1) then U+ffff is returned.

Parameters

offset a valid offset into the text

Returns

the code unit at offset offset or 0xffff if the offset is not valid for this string

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4855 of file unistr.h.

Compare the characters bitwise in this UnicodeString to the characters in text.

Parameters

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as text, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in text, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in text.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4320 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare the characters bitwise in this UnicodeString with the first srcLength characters in srcChars.

Parameters

srcChars The characters to compare to this UnicodeString. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to compare

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as srcChars, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in srcChars, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in srcChars.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4330 of file unistr.h.

Compare the characters bitwise in the range [start, start + length) with the first length characters in srcChars

Parameters

start the offset at which the compare operation begins length the number of characters to compare. srcChars the characters to be compared

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as srcChars, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in srcChars, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in srcChars.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4343 of file unistr.h.

Compare the characters bitwise in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

start the offset at which the compare operation begins length the number of characters in this to compare srcChars the characters to be compared srcStart the offset into srcChars to start comparison srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to compare

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as srcChars, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in srcChars, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in srcChars.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4349 of file unistr.h.

Compare the characters bitwise in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

start the offset at which the compare operation begins length the number of characters in this to compare. srcText the text to be compared srcStart the offset into srcText to start comparison srcLength the number of characters in src to compare

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as srcText, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in srcText, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in srcText.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4335 of file unistr.h.

Compare the characters bitwise in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in the entire string text.

(The parameters "start" and "length" are not applied to the other text "text".)

Parameters

start the offset at which the compare operation begins length the number of characters of text to compare. text the other text to be compared against this string.

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as text, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in text, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in text.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4324 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare the characters bitwise in the range [start, limit) with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcLimit).

Parameters

start the offset at which the compare operation begins limit the offset immediately following the compare operation srcText the text to be compared srcStart the offset into srcText to start comparison srcLimit the offset into srcText to limit comparison

Returns

The result of bitwise character comparison: 0 if this contains the same characters as srcText, -1 if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in srcText, +1 if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in srcText.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4357 of file unistr.h.

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

text Another string to compare this one to.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4381 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4391 of file unistr.h.

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4404 of file unistr.h.

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcChars A pointer to another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4410 of file unistr.h.

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4385 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. length The number of code units from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLength The number of code units from that string to compare.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4396 of file unistr.h.

Compare two Unicode strings in code point order.

The result may be different from the results of compare(), operator<, etc. if supplementary characters are present:

In UTF-16, supplementary characters (with code points U+10000 and above) are stored with pairs of surrogate code units. These have values from 0xd800 to 0xdfff, which means that they compare as less than some other BMP characters like U+feff. This function compares Unicode strings in code point order. If either of the UTF-16 strings is malformed (i.e., it contains unpaired surrogates), then the result is not defined.

Parameters

start The start offset in this string at which the compare operation begins. limit The offset after the last code unit from this string to compare. srcText Another string to compare this one to. srcStart The start offset in that string at which the compare operation begins. srcLimit The offset after the last code unit from that string to compare.

Returns

a negative/zero/positive integer corresponding to whether this string is less than/equal to/greater than the second one in code point order

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4418 of file unistr.h.

Copy a substring of this object, retaining attribute (out-of-band) information.

This method is used to duplicate or reorder substrings. The destination index must not overlap the source range.

Parameters

start the beginning index, inclusive; 0 <= start <= limit. limit the ending index, exclusive; start <= limit <= length(). dest the destination index. The characters from start..limit-1 will be copied to dest. Implementations of this method may assume that dest <= start || dest >= limit.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Implements icu::Replaceable.

Count Unicode code points in the length char16_t code units of the string.

A code point may occupy either one or two char16_t code units. Counting code points involves reading all code units.

This functions is basically the inverse of moveIndex32().

Parameters

start the index of the first code unit to check length the number of char16_t code units to check

Returns

the number of code points in the specified code units

See also

length

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Referenced by icu::DecimalFormatSymbols::setSymbol().

Determine if this ends with the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

srcChars The characters to match. srcStart the offset into srcText to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match

Returns

true if this ends with the characters in srcChars, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4716 of file unistr.h.

References u_strlen().

Determine if this ends with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

srcText The text to match. srcStart the offset into srcText to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcText to match

Returns

true if this ends with the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4698 of file unistr.h.

Determine if this ends with the characters in text

Parameters

Returns

true if this ends with the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4693 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Determine if this ends with the characters in srcChars

Parameters

srcChars The characters to match. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars

Returns

true if this ends with the characters in srcChars, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4707 of file unistr.h.

References u_strlen().

Convert the UnicodeString into a codepage string using an existing UConverter.

The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.

This function avoids the overhead of opening and closing a converter if multiple strings are extracted.

Parameters

dest destination string buffer, can be nullptr if destCapacity==0 destCapacity the number of chars available at dest cnv the converter object to be used (ucnv_resetFromUnicode() will be called), or nullptr for the default converter errorCode normal ICU error code

Returns

the length of the output string, not counting the terminating NUL; if the length is greater than destCapacity, then the string will not fit and a buffer of the indicated length would need to be passed in

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Copy the contents of the string into dest.

This is a convenience function that checks if there is enough space in dest, extracts the entire string if possible, and NUL-terminates dest if possible.

If the string fits into dest but cannot be NUL-terminated (length()==destCapacity) then the error code is set to U_STRING_NOT_TERMINATED_WARNING. If the string itself does not fit into dest (length()>destCapacity) then the error code is set to U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR.

If the string aliases to dest itself as an external buffer, then extract() will not copy the contents.

Parameters

dest Destination string buffer. destCapacity Number of char16_ts available at dest. errorCode ICU error code.

Returns

length()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + length) into the array dst, beginning at dstStart.

If the string aliases to dst itself as an external buffer, then extract() will not copy the contents.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied into the array length the number of characters to extract dst array in which to copy characters. The length of dst must be at least (dstStart + length). dstStart the offset in dst where the first character will be extracted

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4802 of file unistr.h.

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + length) into the UnicodeString target.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied length the number of characters to extract target UnicodeString into which to copy characters.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4809 of file unistr.h.

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + length) into an array of characters in a specified codepage.

The output string is NUL-terminated.

Recommendation: For invariant-character strings use extract(int32_t start, int32_t length, char *target, int32_t targetCapacity, enum EInvariant inv) const because it avoids object code dependencies of UnicodeString on the conversion code.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied startLength the number of characters to extract target the target buffer for extraction codepage the desired codepage for the characters. 0 has the special meaning of the default codepage If codepage is an empty string (""), then a simple conversion is performed on the codepage-invariant subset ("invariant characters") of the platform encoding. See utypes.h. If target is nullptr, then the number of bytes required for target is returned. It is assumed that the target is big enough to fit all of the characters.

Returns

the output string length, not including the terminating NUL

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4817 of file unistr.h.

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + startLength) into an array of characters.

All characters must be invariant (see utypes.h). Use US_INV as the last, signature-distinguishing parameter.

This function does not write any more than targetCapacity characters but returns the length of the entire output string so that one can allocate a larger buffer and call the function again if necessary. The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied startLength the number of characters to extract target the target buffer for extraction, can be nullptr if targetLength is 0 targetCapacity the length of the target buffer inv Signature-distinguishing parameter, use US_INV.

Returns

the output string length, not including the terminating NUL

Stable:

ICU 3.2

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + length) into an array of characters in the platform's default codepage.

This function does not write any more than targetLength characters but returns the length of the entire output string so that one can allocate a larger buffer and call the function again if necessary. The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied startLength the number of characters to extract target the target buffer for extraction targetLength the length of the target buffer If target is nullptr, then the number of bytes required for target is returned.

Returns

the output string length, not including the terminating NUL

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Copy the characters in the range [start, start + length) into an array of characters in a specified codepage.

This function does not write any more than targetLength characters but returns the length of the entire output string so that one can allocate a larger buffer and call the function again if necessary. The output string is NUL-terminated if possible.

Recommendation: For invariant-character strings use extract(int32_t start, int32_t length, char *target, int32_t targetCapacity, enum EInvariant inv) const because it avoids object code dependencies of UnicodeString on the conversion code.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied startLength the number of characters to extract target the target buffer for extraction targetLength the length of the target buffer codepage the desired codepage for the characters. 0 has the special meaning of the default codepage If codepage is an empty string (""), then a simple conversion is performed on the codepage-invariant subset ("invariant characters") of the platform encoding. See utypes.h. If target is nullptr, then the number of bytes required for target is returned.

Returns

the output string length, not including the terminating NUL

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Copy the characters in the range [start, limit) into the array dst, beginning at dstStart.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied into the array limit offset immediately following the last character to be copied dst array in which to copy characters. The length of dst must be at least (dstStart + (limit - start)). dstStart the offset in dst where the first character will be extracted

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4830 of file unistr.h.

Copy the characters in the range [start, limit) into the UnicodeString target.

Replaceable API.

Parameters

start offset of first character which will be copied limit offset immediately following the last character to be copied target UnicodeString into which to copy characters.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Implements icu::Replaceable.

Almost the same as the assignment operator.

Replace the characters in this UnicodeString with the characters from srcText.

This function works the same as the assignment operator for all strings except for ones that are readonly aliases.

Starting with ICU 2.4, the assignment operator and the copy constructor allocate a new buffer and copy the buffer contents even for readonly aliases. This function implements the old, more efficient but less safe behavior of making this string also a readonly alias to the same buffer.

The fastCopyFrom function must be used only if it is known that the lifetime of this UnicodeString does not exceed the lifetime of the aliased buffer including its contents, for example for strings from resource bundles or aliases to string constants.

If the source object has an "open" buffer from getBuffer(minCapacity), then the copy is an empty string.

Parameters

src The text containing the characters to replace.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.4

Replace all occurrences of characters in oldText with the characters in newText.

Parameters

oldText the text containing the search text newText the text containing the replacement text

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4779 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Replace all occurrences of characters in oldText with characters in newText in the range [start, start + length).

Parameters

start the start of the range in which replace will performed length the length of the range in which replace will be performed oldText the text containing the search text newText the text containing the replacement text

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4785 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Replace all occurrences of characters in oldText in the range [oldStart, oldStart + oldLength) with the characters in newText in the range [newStart, newStart + newLength) in the range [start, start + length).

Parameters

start the start of the range in which replace will performed length the length of the range in which replace will be performed oldText the text containing the search text oldStart the start of the search range in oldText oldLength the length of the search range in oldText newText the text containing the replacement text newStart the start of the replacement range in newText newLength the length of the replacement range in newText

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Case-folds the characters in this string.

Case-folding is locale-independent and not context-sensitive, but there is an option for whether to include or exclude mappings for dotted I and dotless i that are marked with 'T' in CaseFolding.txt.

The result may be longer or shorter than the original.

Parameters

options Either U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT or U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Create a UnicodeString from a UTF-32 string.

Illegal input is replaced with U+FFFD. Otherwise, errors result in a bogus string. Calls u_strFromUTF32WithSub().

Parameters

utf32 UTF-32 input string. Must not be nullptr. length Length of the input string, or -1 if NUL-terminated.

Returns

A UnicodeString with equivalent UTF-16 contents.

See also

toUTF32

Stable:

ICU 4.2

Get a read-only pointer to the internal buffer.

This can be called at any time on a valid UnicodeString.

It returns 0 if the string is bogus, or during an "open" getBuffer(minCapacity).

It can be called as many times as desired. The pointer that it returns will remain valid until the UnicodeString object is modified, at which time the pointer is semantically invalidated and must not be used any more.

The capacity of the buffer can be determined with getCapacity(). The part after length() may or may not be initialized and valid, depending on the history of the UnicodeString object.

The buffer contents is (probably) not NUL-terminated. You can check if it is with (s.length() < s.getCapacity() && buffer[s.length()]==0). (See getTerminatedBuffer().)

The buffer may reside in read-only memory. Its contents must not be modified.

Returns

a read-only pointer to the internal string buffer, or nullptr if the string is empty or bogus

See also

getBuffer(int32_t minCapacity)

getTerminatedBuffer()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4245 of file unistr.h.

Get a read/write pointer to the internal buffer.

The buffer is guaranteed to be large enough for at least minCapacity char16_ts, writable, and is still owned by the UnicodeString object. Calls to getBuffer(minCapacity) must not be nested, and must be matched with calls to releaseBuffer(newLength). If the string buffer was read-only or shared, then it will be reallocated and copied.

An attempted nested call will return 0, and will not further modify the state of the UnicodeString object. It also returns 0 if the string is bogus.

The actual capacity of the string buffer may be larger than minCapacity. getCapacity() returns the actual capacity. For many operations, the full capacity should be used to avoid reallocations.

While the buffer is "open" between getBuffer(minCapacity) and releaseBuffer(newLength), the following applies:

• The string length is set to 0.
• Any read API call on the UnicodeString object will behave like on a 0-length string.
• Any write API call on the UnicodeString object is disallowed and will have no effect.
• You can read from and write to the returned buffer.
• The previous string contents will still be in the buffer; if you want to use it, then you need to call length() before getBuffer(minCapacity). If the length() was greater than minCapacity, then any contents after minCapacity may be lost. The buffer contents is not NUL-terminated by getBuffer(). If length() < getCapacity() then you can terminate it by writing a NUL at index length().
• You must call releaseBuffer(newLength) before and in order to return to normal UnicodeString operation.

Parameters

minCapacity the minimum number of char16_ts that are to be available in the buffer, starting at the returned pointer; default to the current string capacity if minCapacity==-1

Returns

a writable pointer to the internal string buffer, or nullptr if an error occurs (nested calls, out of memory)

See also

releaseBuffer

getTerminatedBuffer()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Referenced by icu::Normalizer::compare(), icu::UnicodeSet::span(), and icu::UnicodeSet::spanBack().

Return the capacity of the internal buffer of the UnicodeString object.

This is useful together with the getBuffer functions. See there for details.

Returns

the number of char16_ts available in the internal buffer

See also

getBuffer

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4219 of file unistr.h.

Adjust a random-access offset so that it points behind a Unicode character.

The offset that is passed in points behind any code unit of a code point, while the returned offset will point behind the last code unit of the same code point. In UTF-16, if the input offset points behind the first surrogate (i.e., to the second surrogate) of a surrogate pair, then the returned offset will point behind the second surrogate (i.e., to the first surrogate).

Parameters

offset a valid offset after any code unit of a code point of the text

Returns

offset of the first code unit after the same code point

See also

U16_SET_CP_LIMIT

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Adjust a random-access offset so that it points to the beginning of a Unicode character.

The offset that is passed in points to any code unit of a code point, while the returned offset will point to the first code unit of the same code point. In UTF-16, if the input offset points to a second surrogate of a surrogate pair, then the returned offset will point to the first surrogate.

Parameters

offset a valid offset into one code point of the text

Returns

offset of the first code unit of the same code point

See also

U16_SET_CP_START

Stable:

ICU 2.0

ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for the actual class.

Stable:

ICU 2.2

Reimplemented from icu::UObject.

ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for this class.

Stable:

ICU 2.2

Get a read-only pointer to the internal buffer, making sure that it is NUL-terminated.

This can be called at any time on a valid UnicodeString.

It returns 0 if the string is bogus, or during an "open" getBuffer(minCapacity), or if the buffer cannot be NUL-terminated (because memory allocation failed).

It can be called as many times as desired. The pointer that it returns will remain valid until the UnicodeString object is modified, at which time the pointer is semantically invalidated and must not be used any more.

The capacity of the buffer can be determined with getCapacity(). The part after length()+1 may or may not be initialized and valid, depending on the history of the UnicodeString object.

The buffer contents is guaranteed to be NUL-terminated. getTerminatedBuffer() may reallocate the buffer if a terminating NUL is written. For this reason, this function is not const, unlike getBuffer(). Note that a UnicodeString may also contain NUL characters as part of its contents.

The buffer may reside in read-only memory. Its contents must not be modified.

Returns

a read-only pointer to the internal string buffer, or 0 if the string is empty or bogus

See also

getBuffer(int32_t minCapacity)

getBuffer()

Stable:

ICU 2.2

Replace a substring of this object with the given text.

Parameters

start the beginning index, inclusive; 0 <= start <= limit. limit the ending index, exclusive; start <= limit <= length(). text the text to replace characters start to limit - 1

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Implements icu::Replaceable.

Check if the length char16_t code units of the string contain more Unicode code points than a certain number.

This is more efficient than counting all code points in this part of the string and comparing that number with a threshold. This function may not need to scan the string at all if the length falls within a certain range, and never needs to count more than 'number+1' code points. Logically equivalent to (countChar32(start, length)>number). A Unicode code point may occupy either one or two char16_t code units.

Parameters

start the index of the first code unit to check (0 for the entire string) length the number of char16_t code units to check (use INT32_MAX for the entire string; remember that start/length values are pinned) number The number of code points in the (sub)string is compared against the 'number' parameter.

Returns

Boolean value for whether the string contains more Unicode code points than 'number'. Same as (u_countChar32(s, length)>number).

See also

countChar32

u_strHasMoreChar32Than

Stable:

ICU 2.4

Locate in this the first occurrence of the BMP code point c, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4561 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the BMP code point c, starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4569 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the BMP code point c in the range [start, start + length), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for. start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4549 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the characters in srcChars starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match start the offset into this at which to start matching

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4534 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcStart the offset into srcChars at which to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Locate in this the first occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcText The text to search for. srcStart the offset into srcText at which to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcText to match start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4501 of file unistr.h.

References isBogus().

Locate in this the first occurrence of the characters in text, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4517 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the first occurrence of the characters in text starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4521 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the first occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in text, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for. start The offset at which searching will start. length The number of characters to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4528 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the first occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcChars, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars start The offset at which searching will start. length The number of characters to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of srcChars, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4542 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the code point c, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4565 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the code point c starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4576 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the first occurrence of the code point c in the range [start, start + length), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for. start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4555 of file unistr.h.

Insert the code unit srcChar into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

Parameters

start the offset at which the insertion occurs srcChar the code unit to insert

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5023 of file unistr.h.

Insert the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength) into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the insertion begins srcChars the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcChars where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcChars in the insert string

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5010 of file unistr.h.

Insert the characters in srcText into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset where the insertion begins srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5005 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Insert the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength) into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset where the insertion begins srcText the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcText where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcText in the insert string

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4998 of file unistr.h.

Insert the characters in srcChars into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset where the insertion begins srcChars the source for the new characters srcLength the number of Unicode characters in srcChars.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5017 of file unistr.h.

Insert the code point srcChar into the UnicodeString object at offset start.

Parameters

start the offset at which the insertion occurs srcChar the code point to insert

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5028 of file unistr.h.

Determine if this string is empty.

Returns

true if this string contains 0 characters, false otherwise.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4863 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the BMP code point c, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4644 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the BMP code point c starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4653 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the BMP code point c in the range [start, start + length), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code unit to search for. start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4631 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the characters in srcChars starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match start the offset into this at which to start matching

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4590 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcStart the offset into srcChars at which to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Locate in this the last occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcText The text to search for. srcStart the offset into srcText at which to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcText to match start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4598 of file unistr.h.

References isBogus().

Locate in this the last occurrence of the characters in text, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4627 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the last occurrence of the characters in text starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4620 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the last occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in text, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

text The text to search for. start The offset at which searching will start. length The number of characters to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of text, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4614 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Locate in this the last occurrence in the range [start, start + length) of the characters in srcChars, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

srcChars The text to search for. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars start The offset at which searching will start. length The number of characters to search

Returns

The offset into this of the start of srcChars, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4583 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the code point c, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4648 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the code point c starting at offset start, using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for. start The offset at which searching will start.

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4660 of file unistr.h.

Locate in this the last occurrence of the code point c in the range [start, start + length), using bitwise comparison.

Parameters

c The code point to search for. start the offset into this at which to start matching length the number of characters in this to search

Returns

The offset into this of c, or -1 if not found.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4637 of file unistr.h.

Return the length of the UnicodeString object.

The length is the number of char16_t code units are in the UnicodeString. If you want the number of code points, please use countChar32().

Returns

the length of the UnicodeString object

See also

countChar32

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4214 of file unistr.h.

Referenced by append(), caseCompare(), icu::Normalizer::compare(), compare(), compareCodePointOrder(), endsWith(), findAndReplace(), indexOf(), insert(), lastIndexOf(), operator+=(), operator<(), operator<=(), operator==(), operator>(), operator>=(), replace(), replaceBetween(), setTo(), icu::UnicodeSet::span(), icu::UnicodeSet::spanBack(), and startsWith().

Move the code unit index along the string by delta code points.

Interpret the input index as a code unit-based offset into the string, move the index forward or backward by delta code points, and return the resulting index. The input index should point to the first code unit of a code point, if there is more than one.

Both input and output indexes are code unit-based as for all string indexes/offsets in ICU (and other libraries, like MBCS char*). If delta<0 then the index is moved backward (toward the start of the string). If delta>0 then the index is moved forward (toward the end of the string).

This behaves like CharacterIterator::move32(delta, kCurrent).

Behavior for out-of-bounds indexes: moveIndex32 pins the input index to 0..length(), i.e., if the input index<0 then it is pinned to 0; if it is index>length() then it is pinned to length(). Afterwards, the index is moved by delta code points forward or backward, but no further backward than to 0 and no further forward than to length(). The resulting index return value will be in between 0 and length(), inclusively.

Examples:

int32_t index=1;

index=s.moveIndex32(index, 2);

index=s.moveIndex32(0, 3);

index=s.moveIndex32(s.length(), -2);

Parameters

index input code unit index delta (signed) code point count to move the index forward or backward in the string

Returns

the resulting code unit index

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Converts to a std::u16string_view.

Returns

a string view of the contents of this string

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 3035 of file unistr.h.

References icu::Replaceable::length().

Converts to a std::wstring_view.

Note: This should remain draft until C++ standard plans about char16_t vs. wchar_t become clearer.

Returns

a string view of the contents of this string

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 3049 of file unistr.h.

References icu::Replaceable::length(), and U_ALIASING_BARRIER.

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Inequality operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison with text which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view.

For performance, you can use std::u16string_view literals with compile-time length determination:

#include &lt;string_view&gt;

using namespace std::string_view_literals;

if (str != u"literal"sv) { ... }

Parameters

text The string view to compare to this string.

Returns

false if text contains the same characters as this one, true otherwise.

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 382 of file unistr.h.

References icu::operator==().

Inequality operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

false if text contains the same characters as this one, true otherwise.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4300 of file unistr.h.

Append operator.

Append the code unit ch to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

ch the code unit to be appended

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4985 of file unistr.h.

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Append operator.

Appends the characters in src which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view, to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

src the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 2227 of file unistr.h.

Append operator.

Append the characters in srcText to the UnicodeString object. srcText is not modified.

Parameters

srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4994 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Append operator.

Append the code point ch to the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

ch the code point to be appended

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4989 of file unistr.h.

Less than operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

true if the characters in this are bitwise less than the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4307 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Less than or equal operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

true if the characters in this are bitwise less than or equal to the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4315 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Assignment operator.

Replace the characters in this UnicodeString with the code unit ch.

Parameters

ch the code unit to replace

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4906 of file unistr.h.

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Assignment operator.

Replaces the characters in this UnicodeString with a copy of the characters from the src which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view.

Parameters

src The string view containing the characters to copy.

Returns

a reference to this

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 1960 of file unistr.h.

References icu::Replaceable::length().

Assignment operator.

Replace the characters in this UnicodeString with the characters from srcText.

Starting with ICU 2.4, the assignment operator and the copy constructor allocate a new buffer and copy the buffer contents even for readonly aliases. By contrast, the fastCopyFrom() function implements the old, more efficient but less safe behavior of making this string also a readonly alias to the same buffer.

If the source object has an "open" buffer from getBuffer(minCapacity), then the copy is an empty string.

Parameters

srcText The text containing the characters to replace

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

See also

fastCopyFrom

Assignment operator.

Replace the characters in this UnicodeString with the code point ch.

Parameters

ch the code point to replace

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4910 of file unistr.h.

Move assignment operator; might leave src in bogus state.

This string will have the same contents and state that the source string had. The behavior is undefined if *this and src are the same object.

Parameters

Returns

*this

Stable:

ICU 56

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Equality operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison with text which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view.

For performance, you can use UTF-16 string literals with compile-time length determination:

if (str == u"literal") { ... }

Parameters

text The string view to compare to this string.

Returns

true if text contains the same characters as this one, false otherwise.

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 347 of file unistr.h.

References icu::Replaceable::length().

Equality operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

true if text contains the same characters as this one, false otherwise.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4289 of file unistr.h.

References isBogus(), and length().

Greater than operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

true if the characters in this are bitwise greater than the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4304 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Greater than or equal operator.

Performs only bitwise comparison.

Parameters

Returns

true if the characters in this are bitwise greater than or equal to the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4312 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Return the code unit at offset offset.

If the offset is not valid (0..length()-1) then U+ffff is returned.

Parameters

offset a valid offset into the text

Returns

the code unit at offset offset

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4859 of file unistr.h.

Pad the start of this UnicodeString with the character padChar.

If the length of this UnicodeString is less than targetLength, length() - targetLength copies of padChar will be added to the beginning of this UnicodeString.

Parameters

targetLength the desired length of the string padChar the character to use for padding. Defaults to space (U+0020)

Returns

true if the text was padded, false otherwise.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Pad the end of this UnicodeString with the character padChar.

If the length of this UnicodeString is less than targetLength, length() - targetLength copies of padChar will be added to the end of this UnicodeString.

Parameters

targetLength the desired length of the string padChar the character to use for padding. Defaults to space (U+0020)

Returns

true if the text was padded, false otherwise.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

template<typename S , typename = std::enable_if_t<ConvertibleToU16StringView<S>>>

Readonly-aliasing factory method.

Aliases the same buffer as the input text which is, or which is implicitly convertible to, a std::u16string_view or (if U_SIZEOF_WCHAR_T==2) std::wstring_view. The string is bogus if the string view is too long.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has copy-on-write semantics: When the string is modified, then the buffer is first copied into newly allocated memory. The aliased buffer is never modified.

In an assignment to another UnicodeString, when using the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the text will be copied. When using fastCopyFrom(), the text will be aliased again, so that both strings then alias the same readonly-text.

Parameters

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 3600 of file unistr.h.

Readonly-aliasing factory method.

Aliases the same buffer as the input text.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has copy-on-write semantics: When the string is modified, then the buffer is first copied into newly allocated memory. The aliased buffer is never modified.

In an assignment to another UnicodeString, when using the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the text will be copied. When using fastCopyFrom(), the text will be aliased again, so that both strings then alias the same readonly-text.

Parameters

Draft:

This API may be changed in the future versions and was introduced in ICU 76

Definition at line 3623 of file unistr.h.

Release a read/write buffer on a UnicodeString object with an "open" getBuffer(minCapacity).

This function must be called in a matched pair with getBuffer(minCapacity). releaseBuffer(newLength) must be called if and only if a getBuffer(minCapacity) is "open".

It will set the string length to newLength, at most to the current capacity. If newLength==-1 then it will set the length according to the first NUL in the buffer, or to the capacity if there is no NUL.

After calling releaseBuffer(newLength) the UnicodeString is back to normal operation.

Parameters

newLength the new length of the UnicodeString object; defaults to the current capacity if newLength is greater than that; if newLength==-1, it defaults to u_strlen(buffer) but not more than the current capacity of the string

See also

getBuffer(int32_t minCapacity)

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Remove the characters in the range [start, start + length) from the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

start the offset of the first character to remove length the number of characters to remove

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5046 of file unistr.h.

References INT32_MAX.

Remove the characters in the range [start, limit) from the UnicodeString object.

Parameters

start the offset of the first character to remove limit the offset immediately following the range to remove

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5057 of file unistr.h.

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the code unit srcChar.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length the number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcChar the new code unit

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4759 of file unistr.h.

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length the number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcChars the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcChars where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcChars in the replace string

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4751 of file unistr.h.

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcText.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length the number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4730 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length the number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcText the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcText where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcText in the replace string

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4736 of file unistr.h.

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the characters in srcChars.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcChars the source for the new characters srcLength the number of Unicode characters in srcChars

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4744 of file unistr.h.

Replace the characters in the range [start, start + length) with the code point srcChar.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins length the number of characters to replace. The character at start + length is not modified. srcChar the new code point

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Replace the characters in the range [start, limit) with the characters in srcText.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins limit the offset immediately following the replace range srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4765 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Replace the characters in the range [start, limit) with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcLimit).

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

start the offset at which the replace operation begins limit the offset immediately following the replace range srcText the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcChars where new characters will be obtained srcLimit the offset immediately following the range to copy in srcText

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4771 of file unistr.h.

Retain only the characters in the range [start, limit) from the UnicodeString object.

Removes characters before start and at and after limit.

Parameters

start the offset of the first character to retain limit the offset immediately following the range to retain

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 4.4

Definition at line 5062 of file unistr.h.

Reverse the range [start, start + length) in this UnicodeString.

Parameters

start the start of the range to reverse length the number of characters to to reverse

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 5087 of file unistr.h.

Set the character at the specified offset to the specified character.

Parameters

offset A valid offset into the text of the character to set ch The new character

Returns

A reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Aliasing setTo() function, analogous to the writable-aliasing char16_t* constructor.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has write-through semantics: For as long as the capacity of the buffer is sufficient, write operations will directly affect the buffer. When more capacity is necessary, then a new buffer will be allocated and the contents copied as with regularly constructed strings. In an assignment to another UnicodeString, the buffer will be copied. The extract(Char16Ptr dst) function detects whether the dst pointer is the same as the string buffer itself and will in this case not copy the contents.

Parameters

buffer The characters to alias for the UnicodeString. buffLength The number of Unicode characters in buffer to alias. buffCapacity The size of buffer in char16_ts.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Set the characters in the UnicodeString object to the code unit srcChar.

Parameters

srcChar the code unit which becomes the UnicodeString's character content

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4946 of file unistr.h.

Set the characters in the UnicodeString object to the characters in srcChars.

srcChars is not modified.

Parameters

srcChars the source for the new characters srcLength the number of Unicode characters in srcChars.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4938 of file unistr.h.

Set the text in the UnicodeString object to the characters in srcText.

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

srcText the source for the new characters

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4932 of file unistr.h.

Set the text in the UnicodeString object to the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

srcText is not modified.

Parameters

srcText the source for the new characters srcStart the offset into srcText where new characters will be obtained srcLength the number of characters in srcText in the replace string.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4914 of file unistr.h.

Aliasing setTo() function, analogous to the readonly-aliasing char16_t* constructor.

The text will be used for the UnicodeString object, but it will not be released when the UnicodeString is destroyed. This has copy-on-write semantics: When the string is modified, then the buffer is first copied into newly allocated memory. The aliased buffer is never modified.

In an assignment to another UnicodeString, when using the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the text will be copied. When using fastCopyFrom(), the text will be aliased again, so that both strings then alias the same readonly-text.

Parameters

isTerminated specifies if text is NUL-terminated. This must be true if textLength==-1. text The characters to alias for the UnicodeString. textLength The number of Unicode characters in text to alias. If -1, then this constructor will determine the length by calling u_strlen().

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Set the characters in the UnicodeString object to the code point srcChar.

Parameters

srcChar the code point which becomes the UnicodeString's character content

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4953 of file unistr.h.

Make this UnicodeString object invalid.

The string will test true with isBogus().

A bogus string has no value. It is different from an empty string. It can be used to indicate that no string value is available. getBuffer() and getTerminatedBuffer() return nullptr, and length() returns 0.

This utility function is used throughout the UnicodeString implementation to indicate that a UnicodeString operation failed, and may be used in other functions, especially but not exclusively when such functions do not take a UErrorCode for simplicity.

The following methods, and no others, will clear a string object's bogus flag:

• remove()
• remove(0, INT32_MAX)
• truncate(0)
• operator=() (assignment operator)
• setTo(...)

The simplest ways to turn a bogus string into an empty one is to use the remove() function. Examples for other functions that are equivalent to "set to empty string":

if(s.isBogus()) {

s.remove();

s.truncate(0);

s.setTo(u"", 0);

}

int32_t UChar32

Define UChar32 as a type for single Unicode code points.

#define INT32_MAX

The largest value a 32 bit signed integer can hold.

See also

isBogus()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Referenced by icu::ures_getNextUnicodeString(), icu::ures_getUnicodeString(), icu::ures_getUnicodeStringByIndex(), and icu::ures_getUnicodeStringByKey().

Determine if this ends with the characters in srcChars in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

srcChars The characters to match. srcStart the offset into srcText to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcChars to match

Returns

true if this ends with the characters in srcChars, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4685 of file unistr.h.

References u_strlen().

Determine if this starts with the characters in srcText in the range [srcStart, srcStart + srcLength).

Parameters

srcText The text to match. srcStart the offset into srcText to start matching srcLength the number of characters in srcText to match

Returns

true if this starts with the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4671 of file unistr.h.

Determine if this starts with the characters in text

Parameters

Returns

true if this starts with the characters in text, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4667 of file unistr.h.

References length().

Determine if this starts with the characters in srcChars

Parameters

srcChars The characters to match. srcLength the number of characters in srcChars

Returns

true if this starts with the characters in srcChars, false otherwise

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Definition at line 4677 of file unistr.h.

References u_strlen().

Swap strings.

Parameters

Stable:

ICU 56

Create a temporary substring for the specified range.

Unlike the substring constructor and setTo() functions, the object returned here will be a read-only alias (using getBuffer()) rather than copying the text. As a result, this substring operation is much faster but requires that the original string not be modified or deleted during the lifetime of the returned substring object.

Parameters

start offset of the first character visible in the substring length length of the substring

Returns

a read-only alias UnicodeString object for the substring

Stable:

ICU 4.4

Referenced by icu::MessagePattern::getSubstring().

Create a temporary substring for the specified range.

Same as tempSubString(start, length) except that the substring range is specified as a (start, limit) pair (with an exclusive limit index) rather than a (start, length) pair.

Parameters

start offset of the first character visible in the substring limit offset immediately following the last character visible in the substring

Returns

a read-only alias UnicodeString object for the substring

Stable:

ICU 4.4

Definition at line 4840 of file unistr.h.

Convert the characters in this to lower case following the conventions of the default locale.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Convert the characters in this to lower case following the conventions of a specific locale.

Parameters

locale The locale containing the conventions to use.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Titlecase this string, convenience function using the default locale.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. Titlecasing uses a break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. It titlecases those characters and lowercases all others.

The titlecase break iterator can be provided to customize for arbitrary styles, using rules and dictionaries beyond the standard iterators. It may be more efficient to always provide an iterator to avoid opening and closing one for each string. If the break iterator passed in is null, the default Unicode algorithm will be used to determine the titlecase positions.

This function uses only the setText(), first() and next() methods of the provided break iterator.

Parameters

titleIter A break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. If none is provided (0), then a standard titlecase break iterator is opened. Otherwise the provided iterator is set to the string's text.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.1

Titlecase this string.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. Titlecasing uses a break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. It titlecases those characters and lowercases all others.

The titlecase break iterator can be provided to customize for arbitrary styles, using rules and dictionaries beyond the standard iterators. It may be more efficient to always provide an iterator to avoid opening and closing one for each string. If the break iterator passed in is null, the default Unicode algorithm will be used to determine the titlecase positions.

This function uses only the setText(), first() and next() methods of the provided break iterator.

Parameters

titleIter A break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. If none is provided (0), then a standard titlecase break iterator is opened. Otherwise the provided iterator is set to the string's text. locale The locale to consider.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.1

Titlecase this string, with options.

Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive. Titlecasing uses a break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. It titlecases those characters and lowercases all others. (This can be modified with options.)

The titlecase break iterator can be provided to customize for arbitrary styles, using rules and dictionaries beyond the standard iterators. It may be more efficient to always provide an iterator to avoid opening and closing one for each string. If the break iterator passed in is null, the default Unicode algorithm will be used to determine the titlecase positions.

This function uses only the setText(), first() and next() methods of the provided break iterator.

Parameters

titleIter A break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased. If none is provided (0), then a standard titlecase break iterator is opened. Otherwise the provided iterator is set to the string's text. locale The locale to consider. options Options bit set, usually 0. See U_TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE, U_TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT, U_TITLECASE_ADJUST_TO_CASED, U_TITLECASE_WHOLE_STRING, U_TITLECASE_SENTENCES.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 3.8

Convert the characters in this to UPPER CASE following the conventions of the default locale.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Convert the characters in this to UPPER CASE following the conventions of a specific locale.

Parameters

locale The locale containing the conventions to use.

Returns

A reference to this.

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Convert the UnicodeString to UTF-32.

Unpaired surrogates are replaced with U+FFFD. Calls u_strToUTF32WithSub().

Parameters

utf32 destination string buffer, can be nullptr if capacity==0 capacity the number of UChar32s available at utf32 errorCode Standard ICU error code. Its input value must pass the U_SUCCESS() test, or else the function returns immediately. Check for U_FAILURE() on output or use with function chaining. (See User Guide for details.)

Returns

The length of the UTF-32 string.

See also

fromUTF32

Stable:

ICU 4.2

template<typename StringClass >

Convert the UnicodeString to UTF-8 and append the result to a standard string.

Unpaired surrogates are replaced with U+FFFD. Calls toUTF8().

Parameters

result A standard string (or a compatible object) to which the UTF-8 version of the string is appended.

Returns

The string object.

Stable:

ICU 4.2

See also

toUTF8

Definition at line 1777 of file unistr.h.

References icu::Replaceable::length().

Trims leading and trailing whitespace from this UnicodeString.

Returns

a reference to this

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Unescape a string of characters and return a string containing the result.

The following escape sequences are recognized:

\uhhhh 4 hex digits; h in [0-9A-Fa-f] \Uhhhhhhhh 8 hex digits \xhh 1-2 hex digits \ooo 1-3 octal digits; o in [0-7] \cX control-X; X is masked with 0x1F

as well as the standard ANSI C escapes:

\a => U+0007, \b => U+0008, \t => U+0009, \n => U+000A, \v => U+000B, \f => U+000C, \r => U+000D, \e => U+001B, \" => U+0022, \' => U+0027, \? => U+003F, \\ => U+005C

Anything else following a backslash is generically escaped. For example, "[a\\-z]" returns "[a-z]".

If an escape sequence is ill-formed, this method returns an empty string. An example of an ill-formed sequence is "\\u" followed by fewer than 4 hex digits.

This function is similar to u_unescape() but not identical to it. The latter takes a source char*, so it does escape recognition and also invariant conversion.

Returns

a string with backslash escapes interpreted, or an empty string on error.

See also

UnicodeString::unescapeAt()

u_unescape()

u_unescapeAt()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Unescape a single escape sequence and return the represented character.

See unescape() for a listing of the recognized escape sequences. The character at offset-1 is assumed (without checking) to be a backslash. If the escape sequence is ill-formed, or the offset is out of range, U_SENTINEL=-1 is returned.

Parameters

offset an input output parameter. On input, it is the offset into this string where the escape sequence is located, after the initial backslash. On output, it is advanced after the last character parsed. On error, it is not advanced at all.

Returns

the character represented by the escape sequence at offset, or U_SENTINEL=-1 on error.

See also

UnicodeString::unescape()

u_unescape()

u_unescapeAt()

Stable:

ICU 2.0

Non-member UnicodeString swap function.

Parameters

s1 will get s2's contents and state s2 will get s1's contents and state

Stable:

ICU 56

Definition at line 1990 of file unistr.h.

The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:

• common/unicode/unistr.h

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