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MessageFormat 2.0 | ICU Documentation

1. Overview of MessageFormatter
   1. ICU4J
      1. Examples
         1. Basic usage
         2. Placeholder examples
      2. Plural selection message
      3. Built-in formatter functions
      4. Functions currently implemented
      5. Quickstart guide
         1. Requirements
         2. Maven
            1. Create a new project
            2. Add a dependency to ICU4J 75.1 (or newer)
            3. Add a bit of code
            4. Test it
         3. Gradle
            1. Create a new project
            2. Add a dependency to ICU4J 75.1 (or newer)
            3. Add a bit of code
         4. Test it
         5. Experiment from here
   2. ICU4C

Note: This page describes MessageFormatter, which is a Technical Preview API implementing MessageFormat 2.0. It will be a successor to the current ICU MessageFormat. MessageFormat 2.0 is being developed in a working group, which has created a draft specification. A version of the specification is included in LDML 45. Also see the API docs for MessageFormatter.

The MessageFormatter class is the next iteration of MessageFormat, implemented in both ICU4J and ICU4C This new version builds on the lessons learned from using MessageFormat for 25 years in various environments, when used directly or as a base for other public APIs.

The effort to design a successor to MessageFormat is a specification referred to as MessageFormat 2.0. The reasoning for this effort is shared in the “Why MessageFormat needs a successor” document.

MessageFormat 2.0 is more modular and easier to port and backport. It also provides extension points via interfaces to allow users to supply new formatters and selectors without having to modify the specification. ICU will eventually include support for new formatters, such as intervals, relative time, lists, measurement units, personal names, and more, as well as the ability for users to supply their own custom implementations. These will potentially support use cases like grammatical gender, inflection, markup regimes (such as those require for text-to-speech), and other complex message management needs.

The MessageFormat Working Group, which develops the new data model, semantics, and syntax, is hosted on GitHub. The current specification for the syntax and data model can be found here.

This technical preview implements functions according to the LDML 45 version of the specification.

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;

import com.ibm.icu.message2.MessageFormatter;

@Test
public void testMf2() {
    final Locale enGb = Locale.forLanguageTag("en-GB");
    Map<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<>();
    arguments.put("name", "John");
    arguments.put("exp", new Date(1679971371000L));  // March 27, 2023, 7:42:51 PM

    MessageFormatter mf2 = MessageFormatter.builder()
        .setPattern("{Hello {$name}, your card expires on {$exp :datetime skeleton=yMMMdE}!}")
        .setLocale(enGb)
        .build();

    assertEquals(
        "Hello John, your card expires on Mon, 27 Mar 2023!",
        mf2.formatToString(arguments));
}

@Test
public void testMf2Selection() {
   final String message = ".match {$count :plural}"
           + " when 1 {You have one notification.}"
           + " when one {You have {$count} notification.}"
           + " when * {You have {$count} notifications.}";
   final Locale enGb = Locale.forLanguageTag("en-GB");
   Map<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<>();


   MessageFormatter mf2 = MessageFormatter.builder()
       .setPattern(message)
       .setLocale(enGb)
       .build();


   arguments.put("count", 1);
   assertEquals(
       "You have one notification.",
       mf2.formatToString(arguments));


   arguments.put("count", 42);
   assertEquals(
       "You have 42 notifications.",
       mf2.formatToString(arguments));
}

The tech preview implementation comes with a formatter and selector for numbers (number), date / time formatters (datetime), and a string selector (string), very similar to what MessageFormat offers.

The ICU test code covers most features, and has examples of how to make custom placeholder formatters; you can look for classes that implement com.ibm.icu.message2.FormatterFactory (they are named Custom*Test.java).

These are the functions implemented in ICU 75.1. The functions will change in a future release to be consistent with the current MF2 specification.

If you don’t have ICU set up, here are instructions for doing that using Maven or Gradle:

• JDK (version 8 or newer)
• Maven or Gradle
• Your preferred IDE or text editor

$ mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=org.unicode -DartifactId=mf2 -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DarchetypeVersion=1.4 -DinteractiveMode=false

$ cd mf2

In the pom.xml find the <dependencies> element and add this:

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.ibm.icu</groupId>
    <artifactId>icu4j</artifactId>
    <version>75.1</version>
</dependency>

Open the test file (src/test/java/org/unicode/AppTest.java) and copy / paste the include directives and the testMf2() method shown in the previous section.

$ mkdir mf2

$ cd mf2

$ gradle init --dsl groovy --test-framework junit --type java-application --package org.unicode --project-name mf2

In the app/build.gradle file, find the dependencies {...} section add this:

implementation 'com.ibm.icu:icu4j:72.1'

Open the test file (src/test/java/org/unicode/AppTest.java) and copy / paste the include directives and the testMf2() method shown in the previous section.

At this point you have a basic application using MessageFormat 2.

You can experiment with more messages using as inspiration:

• the syntax document
• the official ICU4J javadoc
• the ICU4J unit tests

You should be able to use your preferred IDE (Eclipse, IntelliJ, Visual Studio Code, more), use a different build system, etc.

Some helpful documentation for ICU4C in MF2 is being developed at messageformat.dev, as well an unofficial MF2 syntax documentation and an interactive playground for testing messages.

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