This chapter discusses the macroscopic and microscopic view of light diffraction by relief gratings. The chapter discusses the quasi-periodicity that is common for other types of grating materials and incident conditions. The results are obtained using rigorous electromagnetic methods. Most of these results have been confirmed experimentally. Peculiarities in the efficiency are expressed using a small number of parameters, and their trajectories are followed when the groove depth is varied. These trajectories enable us to draw some unexpected new connections between different phenomena, such as surface wave excitation, Littrow and nonLittrow perfect blazing, and resonant and nonresonant total absorption of light. The chapter also proves that the phenomenological parameters exhibit a quasi-periodical type of behavior. Thus, the generality and importance of such behavior can be compared with the grating equation. The quasi-periodicity determines the amount that is diffracted.
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