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UsefulNotes / World War II

http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/WorldWarII

Humanity's best and worst,
displayed for all the world to see.^note Clockwise from top-right: A Nazi parade, US troops in a LCVP landing craft on the 'D-day' (initiation of mass-combat) of Operation Overlord, the flag of the Soviet Union is raised over the German Reichstag (this is the second, staged, photo), the 'mushroom cloud' immediately following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, US Navy Air Force Douglas SBD Dauntless bombers flying over a Pacific atoll, and Imperial Japanese sailors at attention.

The true War to End All Wars, at least for now. Whether it remains the War to End All Wars depends on if Earth has another war in the next five to eight billion years... or not.

World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), was a global war fought from 1939 to 1945. Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland is generally accepted as the start date of it, though several other conflicts that would be incorporated into the larger international conflict were already underway—the largest of which was the Second Sino-Japanese War, which "officially" started in 1937 but had been ongoing in some form since 1931. Many citizens of Russia/the old Soviet Union and the United States also generally consider 1941 to be the start date, June 22nd for the former at the start of Operation Barbarossa (the German invasion of the Soviet Union) and December 7th for the latter following the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, when Japan and Germany both declared war on the US. It involved 62 out of the 73 existent/independent states at that time, which eventually formed two loose, opposing military alliances: the Allies or Allied powers (China, France, the UK, the USA, the USSR among others) against the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan and various smaller countries allied to them).

World War II is most commonly described as having been fought in two main theaters of war.^note There were also relatively minor skirmishes, bombings, or other actions in other portions of the world such as in the Arctic, North America, the Middle East, and the South Atlantic, but essentially they were the most extreme geographic outliers of the two main theaters. The European Theater was the conflict between the Allied Powers against Germany, Italy, and their European allies. This conflict was fought not only in Europe, but also in the Atlantic Ocean and North Africa, and with even the fighting specifically in Europe usually divided into an Eastern (where the Soviet Union primarily fought Germany and several of its smaller allies) and Western (where the western Allied powers fought Germany and Italy) theater. The conflict began with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and ended in May 1945 with the fall of Berlin. The Pacific Theater was the conflict fought between the Allies and Imperial Japan in the Pacific Ocean and Asia, which also included some action in the Indian Ocean. This conflict was born out of the Second Sino-Japanese War which, as above, had been brewing if not already ongoing in some form since 1931 and officially started when the Japanese Empire invaded China in July 1937. This war became part of the 'world war' proper when Japan attacked Allied and American territories in December 1941.

It was the most intensive and extensive war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major participants eventually placed their entire financial, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, thereby erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. This included the enslavement of enemy POW and civilians as manual labourers, or coerced 'recruitment' as police and soldiers, by the Axis powers. Nazi Germany also perpetrated a number of organized genocides against multiple groups, including Jewish, Roma, LGBT, and disabled people. These programmes of enslavement and genocide are considered part of The Holocaust, which was integral to the War Aims of the European Axis. Had they been victorious, these programmes would have been expanded considerably.

The war was also marked by the large-scale aerial bombardment of civilian populations and the only use of Nuclear Weapons in warfare, and resulted in some 70 to 85 million dead, depending on which starting date one uses, which conflicts one includes, and which deaths one attributes to the war.^note The figure of 85 million is reached by historians who date the war's beginning to Japan's 1937 invasion of China, include contemporaneous conflicts like the undeclared 1939 Japanese-Soviet border war, and include deaths caused by humanitarian disasters like the refugee crises and forced deportations that characterized Eastern, Central, and Balkan Europe for the first year or two after the war Some higher estimates go to a nice round 100 million by counting the unborn... or just by simple, and usually not deliberate, miscounting.^note One infamous error made by someone compiling figures for military dead, missing, and wounded in the Soviet-German War/Ostfront was made by someone missing a zero, thereby claiming that a Soviet force lost more troops in a single operation/campaign than there were in the entire Red Army. Someone else also arrived at an infamous estimate of 40+ million Soviet dead (versus a usual estimate of no more than 28 million) during the war by effectively miscounting 'wounded' soldiers as 'dead' soldiers (no more than 20-30% of 'wounded' soldiers died at any point; this guy assumed that it was considerably more than that) and failing to account for the Poles ethnically cleansed (forcibly evicted) from the western USSR in the immediate post-war period. Although the USSR was supposedly his specialty, he also put the Chinese deaths at 30-40 million (versus a usual estimate of no more than c.10-20 million) by choosing the highest possible estimate of war-dead and attributing the c.10 million dead of the later Chinese Civil War and post-war CCP purges (1946-50) to the Sino-Japanese War (1937-45). This is how he managed to arrive at a figure of 100 million dead. By even the most conservative estimates, this war was the deadliest and costliest conflict in human history, by such a huge margin that even eighty years later it's still often referred to simply as "the War", despite it being far from being the only conflict in history or the most recent.

• Prelude to War
• War in Europe and Africa
• War in Asia and the Pacific
• The Neutral Nations
• The Aftermath

For information about specific parts of the war, check here:

• Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Second Sino-Japanese War
• Maginot Line
• The Air War
• The Holocaust
• Home Front in the UK
• Home Front in the USA
• Volhynian Slaughter

• Works Set in World War II
  • The Holocaust in Media

• Adolf Hitlarious: This was how the Allied media portrayed Hitler at the time. The revelation of The Holocaust put an end to it. It's gotten a resurgence in recent years, particularly by people like Mel Brooks who want to make Hitler seem so absurd that his ideas will never be taken seriously again.
• All Germans Are Nazis: Though the war is long past, the ugly shadow of Nazi Germany endures, and inevitably colors perceptions of the German people or some political debates and Internet discussions. This is not helped by the fact that multiple fringe extremist political groups in Germany appear to be surfacing, with many German authorities fearing that Germany may be undergoing an underground revolution of some Germans attempting to create a "Fourth Reich".
• America Won World War II:
  • The US's media depictions of the war are often accused of ignoring the contributions of other states, nations, and nation-states to (winning) the war - with the USSR's pivotal role in particular being almost completely ignored due to (lingering) Cold-War anti-Communist sentiment. To a lesser extent China's contributions are often ignored, with many depictions often not mentioning the Nationalist Chinese efforts in fighting the Japanese military at all. Post-Soviet Russian media might now quite justly be accused of Russia Wins The War due to it ignoring both the contributions of the other republics that made up the USSR (Ukraine, Estonia, etc.. etc.) as well as all the other countries and peoples who fought The Axis. The historian Stephen Ambrose points out that the title of this trope is literally true, in that although (for example) Britain was nominally one of the victors, it survived the war with major bomb damage and in extreme debt, whereas America was the only allied nation that finished the war better off than it had started it. Furthermore, whereas America's entrance into the war marked its true emergence as a world power, many historians cite the war's ending as the turning point in which the British Empire began to unravel, with India and varying colonies taking Britain's weakened state as an opportunity to renew their fight for independence.
  • An inverse trope might well be 'Nazis Fight Alone'. The only European Axis troops ever seen in most media are the Germans - Italians very rarely make an appearance (aside from North Africa, and even then they still usually give way for more Germans), and Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Bulgarians, Finns, and various SS volunteer units like the Northland (Scandinavians), Charlemagne (French), and Blue (Spanish) divisions are almost entirely absent in media not originating in these countries. Quisling logistics troops including the Hiwis (Soviet citizens who served the Heer), are also rarely seen.
• Awakening the Sleeping Giant:
  • The Trope Namer. The USA was nominally neutral at the beginning of the war, although its trade embargo against Japan and its lend-lease policy with the British and quiet participation protecting British shipping from German U-Boat attacks on its side of the Atlantic was annoying the Axis powers. However, the Axis powers, despite warnings from Ignored Expert authorities like Admiral Yamamoto, eventually went out of their way to provoke the United States into joining the fight. The result was that a country with a large population and a massive industrial base that was completely beyond the reach of any military attack (except for its shipping), and with an underestimated will to win at almost any cost, was now on the same side as Britain and the USSR. The night Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill heard about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he went to bed with a deep sense of relief, because he knew that at long last America was going to join the war and that allied victory, although it might take a long time, was nevertheless inevitable.
  • When betraying and attacking Josef Stalin's Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler thought it would crumble in a matter of weeks or a few months. While it had been weakened by the successive paranoid purges of Stalin and horrors like The Holodomor the decade prior and had to endure horrific human losses throughout the war and losses of large swathes of land in the second half of 1941 including the "bread basket" of Ukraine, the Soviet Union stood still, grounding the Axis forces in attrition and gradually outnumbering and out-producing them (along with a fair chunk of Lend-Lease), pushing them back all the way to Berlin and Central Europe, taking Berlin and establishing the Eastern block of the Cold War. The continental domination by communism that prompted Hitler to attack out of fear materialized due to his own actions.
• Cheese-Eating Surrender Monkeys: The Trope Maker in the English speaking world's consciousness. Very few people like General Charles de Gaulle saw the point in fighting on once France had 'already lost' the Battle Of France - Marshal Pétain's coup had a lot of popular support - and they saw no hope of Germany ever being defeated. In spite of a scant few collaboration efforts to undermine Germany's initial victory, it wasn't until the liberation of Paris that the French military was able to get back on its feet, and even then it required major support from allied powers for weapons and logistics.
• Les Collaborateurs: The Trope Namer was the government of the State of France (head of state Marshal Pétain, official capital Paris, de facto capital the spa-town of Vichy). Some of the collaboration was enforced by German occupiers (such as sending dozens of thousands of French workers in Germany through the STO — Service du Travail Obligatoire, Mandatory Labor Service), part of it was of local initiative (such as the Vel d'Hiv roundup of Jews, the "Carlingue" aka the French Gestapo, French fascist parties being eager to satisfy the needs of the occupiers, or the French volunteers in the German armies). Furthermore, while it isn't often mentioned, it must be noted that the French government openly collaborated with the Imperial Japanese military to undermine Vietnam's own liberation efforts both before, and during France's own occupation via Germany. This was while the allies were working to rescue France itself! Even more obscurely, Mao Zedong's Communist Army was also have been rumored to collaborate with Japanese forces, inspite of the fact that both Chiang Kai chek and Mao had signed an agreement to pause the Chinese Civil War at the time to focus on defending from Japan's invasion. Some historians go as far to say that Mao's communist forces deliberately underperformed and sabotaged the Nationalist Chinese efforts, as the Kuomintang bore the brunt of the Japanese's violent campaign of the two. It is often argued that if it weren't for Imperial Japan's poorly-timed (or well-timed, depending on who you ask) that the nationalist forces in China would have won the civil war against the communists, and wouldn't have had to retreat to the island of Taiwan.
• Final Solution: Trope Namer and Trope Codifier. Nazis referred to die Endlösung der Judenfrage, "the Final Solution to the Jewish Question." It should be noted the image most people gained from the popular media (crematoria, burning pits, gas chambers, fierce guards with dogs, experiments on people and so on) comes from the final phase of The Holocaust, the extermination of Hungarian and Transylvanian Jews, when the death industry finally broke down overloaded with dead bodies. This is the plain reason for which we have survivors to tell the tales, because at that moment there were people to escape or survive. Previous campaigns of mass murder (euthanasia of the mentally disabled, extermination of the Soviet prisoners, extermination of Jews in Operation Reinhard camps in Poland) were so efficient they barely left any survivors. In a similar vein, Japanese forces were much more successful in burying their evidence of rape/torture, with one incident reportedly involving two Japanese Army officers having a "contest" in which who could bayonet and murder more Chinese babies by throwing them in the air and stabbing them. The then-already raped mothers were then also unceremoniously killed. "Auschwitz was a walk in the park compared to Treblinka"

  - Hershl Sperling,

  Holocaust survivor
• Glamorous Wartime Singer: Certainly the era that codified the trope and provided the most iconic ones, who appeared in morale-boosting films and toured troups on the frontlines. Famous examples on the Allies' side include Vera Lynn, The Andrews Sisters, Dinah Shore, Marlene Dietrich... Germans also had some, with the likes of Lale Andersen (the first and most iconic performer of "Lili Marleen") and Evelyn Künneke.
• Iwo Jima Pose: Trope Maker, Trope Namer, and Trope Codifier. Associate Press photographer Joseph John Rosenthal took a photo depicting five Marines and a Navy corpsman raising the US flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima. It has since become one of the most iconic images in history, and the photo has come to symbolize US Marine operations in the Pacific Theater. It also formed the basis for the US Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia. The flag itself, along with the first one which it replaced, can be seen on rotating display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Quantico, VA.
• Music to Invade Poland to: German music from before the war has become another thing tainted by National Socialism in the years following.
• No Swastikas: The entire rationale behind the taboos on the swastika and the Rising Sun, in fact.
• Nothing Is the Same Anymore:
  • The entire contemporary world is forged in the aftermath of the Second World War. No facet of modern life, social mores, culture, science and general worldview was left untouched. The Allied Powers created several institutions such as the United Nations, NATO, the World Bank, as well as start an ongoing debate about nuclear weapons (that is still ongoing) and human rights abuses (especially within China) and government measures to curtail the same.
  • In his "Asimov's Chronology of the World", Isaac Asimov even cites this exact trope (though well before TV Tropes existed) by ending the book in 1945, saying that the post-Hiroshima world was so vastly different as to almost be a separate history of its own.
• The Quisling: Trope Namer Vidkun Quisling, who betrayed his country to the Nazis and got stood up in front of a firing squad after the war. Other Quislings of World War II include President Wang Jingwei of China, Dirk Jan de Geer of the Netherlands, Marshal Philippe Pétain and Prime Minister Pierre Laval of France and General Andrei Vlasov of The Soviet Union. De Geer advocated negotiating a peace treaty between the Netherlands and Nazi Germany, which hurt Dutch morale by stating that the war couldn't be won; Queen Wilhelmina labeled him a deserter and traitor to the Dutch cause for publishing documents advocating cooperation with the Germans. After the war ended, De Geer was convicted of treason at trial and stripped of his honorary titles, spending one year in jail followed by a three-year probationary period. Quisling, Laval and Vlasov were (tortured and) executed, Pétain's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment due to his advanced age and (by that time) severe dementia, and Wang died of natural causes before the war was over.
• Rape Is a Special Kind of Evil: Inspite of the Imperial Japanese claims of creating a "Greater-Asian Co-prosperity Sphere" free of any European control or colonies, Japanese forces violently raped every woman they came encountered in their exploitive rampage across Asia. Of all the countries victimised, the total list currently seems to be: China, Korea, The Phillippenes, Thailand, Manchukuo (inspite of Thailand and Manchukuo being nominal allies with Japan during the war), Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. (The last three were not technically countries at a time.) The most infamous example would arguably the rape of Nanking/Ninjiang: in which conquering Japanese forces mass-raped the local Chinese female population en masse. even the most conservative estimates being over 80,000 women. 80,000 women. Many accounts of the Japanese repeatedly raping/torturing the unfortunate victims and then murdering them are unfortunately not discussed within mainstream media discussions of WWII at large. A similar war crime not uncommon would come to be known as "comfort women" in which many Korean and Chinese women/girls were kidnapped and forced into prostitution at brothels where they were repeatedly molested/impregnated. Japan's government to this day repeatedly deny any responsibility to such crimes, and it remains a forever sore subject on it's relations with it's neighbors, especially with Korea. The fact that Japan still refuses to take accountability, much less even acknowledge it's war rapes certainly doesn't help. (Relations between Korea and Japan are incredibly strained for this reason, with no signs of improving relations in sight) In a further disturbing (if ironic) sense, Japan's female population was noted to have suffered greatly itself when it was experiencing occupation, with multiple cases of rape violations occuring throughout. Many Russian soldiers viewed it as a twisted sort of revenge for Japan humiliating them during their war during 1904-05. Also not often mentioned were Australian soldiers violently raiding hospitals to kidnap/rape the Japanese nurses who worked there, viewing it as a similar sort of retribution for Japan being the only nation in history to ever invade Australia's borders, to say nothing of the many Japanese atrocities committed against Australian servicemen. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese women/girls were said to have been raped, with the local/military governments often either covering up or downright ignoring said crimes during the occupation.
• Reichstropen: An index for the tropes originating in Nazi Germany.
• La Résistance: The Trope Namer was active during this war in France, (in spite of French forces conspiring with the Japanese to sabotage Vietnam's own resistance efforts from colonialism) but every occupied country had a resistance movement to one degree or another. Some countries actually had more than one movement - e.g. a communist one plus a monarchist one (it wasn't unusual for them to end up fighting each other as well). China had so many turncoats-turned-resistance fighters-turned-bandits that the historical community generally wrings its hands and splits it up into local and regional warlords, nationalist guerrillas, communist guerrillas and Chinese Communist Party guerrillas, with some room for overlap.
• Sentai: Trope Namer. Used by Imperial Japan for their task forces. Later readopted and codified by Super Sentai into a different approach.
• Stuka Scream: Trope Maker, Trope Namer, and Trope Codifier. Some versions of the German Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber were fitted with Jericho-Trompete sirens, which would make a distinctive screaming sound to intimidate the targets of their attacks. American SBD Dauntless dive bombers had holes in their dive flaps that had a similar effect, the sound being described as a banshee wail. F4U Corsairs also achieved this as a result of high-speed air being forced through the oil coolers in the leading edge of the wings, famously leading to the aircraft being dubbed "Whistling Death",^note supposedly by the Japanese, though there's little evidence to support it was anything other than propaganda and P-51 Mustangs from the supercharger intake, though in these two cases it was much more limited and dependent on which direction the aircraft was traveling in relation to the listener. The Jericho Trumpet was removed from later models of the Stuka, as the Germans quickly came to the conclusion that equipping a bomber with its own air raid siren to warn the enemy was counter-productive. Not to mention that the sirens caused a fair bit of drag and the lack of siren prior to being bombed ended up being a nasty surprise.
• Stupid Jetpack Hitler: Nazi Germany developed some advanced technologies that were ahead of their time, such as the first operational jet airplanes, ballistic missiles and cruise missiles. German scientists also played a key role in the development of the US and Soviet ballistic missile and space programs after the war. But no jetpacks; there was some experimenting with a Helicopter Pack meant to be distributed to German soldiers for increased mobility in urban environments, but, like many Wunder weapons, it did not pan out from some early drawing board designs. Even before WWII, the Nazi Reichspost invented the Video Phone in real life and used them as a tool for their propaganda before halting them.
• Those Wacky Nazis: The pervasive image of nazism led to this trope in popular culture.
• The V-J Day Kiss: Reenactment of the famous photo of a sailor and a nurse kissing in Times Square in celebration of American victory.
• Wartime Cartoon: Every major cartoon-producing studio in Hollywood produced propaganda cartoons with various aims (supporting the war effort, vilifying the enemy, and so forth). Other nations such as Germany, Japan, and USSR also produced propaganda cartoons.

• Returning American servicemen from the Pacific War bring home a fascination with Hawaii and the Polynesian culture (aka "Tiki culture"), thus igniting the Cyclic National Fascination of the late '40s to well into The '60s.

Si monumentum requiris, circumspice^note "If you seek its monument, look around you."

Theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, who was amongst the many scientists that witnessed the first successful nuclear bomb test, paraphrases a verse from the Bhagavad-Gita as a personal reflection on the results of the Manhattan Project.

Example of:
As the Good Book Says...

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