The class thread provides a mechanism to create a new thread of execution, to join with a thread (i.e., wait for a thread to complete), and to perform other operations that manage and query the state of a thread. A thread object uniquely represents a particular thread of execution. That representation may be transferred to other thread objects in such a way that no two thread objects simultaneously represent the same thread of execution. A thread of execution is detached when no thread object represents that thread. Objects of class thread can be in a state that does not represent a thread of execution. [ Note: A thread object does not represent a thread of execution after default construction, after being moved from, or after a successful call to detach or join. — end note ]
namespace std {
class thread {
public:
class id;
using native_handle_type = implementation-defined;
thread() noexcept;
template <class F, class... Args> explicit thread(F&& f, Args&&... args);
~thread();
thread(const thread&) = delete;
thread(thread&&) noexcept;
thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete;
thread& operator=(thread&&) noexcept;
void swap(thread&) noexcept;
bool joinable() const noexcept;
void join();
void detach();
id get_id() const noexcept;
native_handle_type native_handle();
static unsigned hardware_concurrency() noexcept;
};
}33.3.2.1 Class thread::id [thread.thread.id]
namespace std {
class thread::id {
public:
id() noexcept;
};
bool operator==(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator!=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator<(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator<=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator>(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator>=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
operator<< (basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, thread::id id);
template <class T> struct hash;
template <> struct hash<thread::id>;
}
An object of type thread::id provides a unique identifier for each thread of execution and a single distinct value for all thread objects that do not represent a thread of execution ([thread.thread.class]). Each thread of execution has an associated thread::id object that is not equal to the thread::id object of any other thread of execution and that is not equal to the thread::id object of any thread object that does not represent threads of execution.
thread::id shall be a trivially copyable class. The library may reuse the value of a thread::id of a terminated thread that can no longer be joined.
[ Note: Relational operators allow thread::id objects to be used as keys in associative containers. — end note ]
id() noexcept;
Effects: Constructs an object of type id.
Postconditions: The constructed object does not represent a thread of execution.
bool operator==(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
Returns: true only if x and y represent the same thread of execution or neither x nor y represents a thread of execution.
bool operator!=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator<(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
Returns: A value such that operator< is a total ordering as described in [alg.sorting].
bool operator<=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator>(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
bool operator>=(thread::id x, thread::id y) noexcept;
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<< (basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, thread::id id);
Effects: Inserts an unspecified text representation of id into out. For two objects of type thread::id x and y, if x == y the thread::id objects shall have the same text representation and if x != y the thread::id objects shall have distinct text representations.
template <> struct hash<thread::id>;
thread() noexcept;
Effects: Constructs a thread object that does not represent a thread of execution.
Postconditions: get_id() == id().
template <class F, class... Args> explicit thread(F&& f, Args&&... args);
Requires: F and each Ti in Args shall satisfy the MoveConstructible requirements. INVOKE(DECAY_COPY(std::forward<F>(f)), DECAY_COPY(std::forward<Args>(args))...) ([func.require]) shall be a valid expression.
Remarks: This constructor shall not participate in overload resolution if decay_t<F> is the same type as std::thread.
Effects: Constructs an object of type thread. The new thread of execution executes INVOKE(DECAY_COPY(std::forward<F>(f)), DECAY_COPY(std::forward<Args>(args))...) with the calls to DECAY_COPY being evaluated in the constructing thread. Any return value from this invocation is ignored. [ Note: This implies that any exceptions not thrown from the invocation of the copy of f will be thrown in the constructing thread, not the new thread. — end note ] If the invocation of INVOKE(DECAY_COPY(std::forward<F>(f)), DECAY_COPY(std::forward<Args>(args))...) terminates with an uncaught exception, terminate shall be called.
Synchronization: The completion of the invocation of the constructor synchronizes with the beginning of the invocation of the copy of f.
Postconditions: get_id() != id(). *this represents the newly started thread.
Throws: system_error if unable to start the new thread.
Error conditions:
resource_unavailable_try_again — the system lacked the necessary resources to create another thread, or the system-imposed limit on the number of threads in a process would be exceeded.
thread(thread&& x) noexcept;
Effects: Constructs an object of type thread from x, and sets x to a default constructed state.
Postconditions: x.get_id() == id() and get_id() returns the value of x.get_id() prior to the start of construction.
33.3.2.5 thread members [thread.thread.member]void swap(thread& x) noexcept;
Effects: Swaps the state of *this and x.
bool joinable() const noexcept;
Returns: get_id() != id().
void join();
Effects: Blocks until the thread represented by *this has completed.
Synchronization: The completion of the thread represented by *this synchronizes with the corresponding successful join() return. [ Note: Operations on *this are not synchronized. — end note ]
Postconditions: The thread represented by *this has completed. get_id() == id().
Error conditions:
resource_deadlock_would_occur — if deadlock is detected or get_id() == this_thread::get_id().
no_such_process — if the thread is not valid.
invalid_argument — if the thread is not joinable.
void detach();
Effects: The thread represented by *this continues execution without the calling thread blocking. When detach() returns, *this no longer represents the possibly continuing thread of execution. When the thread previously represented by *this ends execution, the implementation shall release any owned resources.
Postconditions: get_id() == id().
Error conditions:
no_such_process — if the thread is not valid.
invalid_argument — if the thread is not joinable.
id get_id() const noexcept;
Returns: A default constructed id object if *this does not represent a thread, otherwise this_thread::get_id() for the thread of execution represented by *this.
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