This summary of C++ grammar is intended to be an aid to comprehension. It is not an exact statement of the language. In particular, the grammar described here accepts a superset of valid C++ constructs. Disambiguation rules ([stmt.ambig], [dcl.spec], [class.member.lookup]) must be applied to distinguish expressions from declarations. Further, access control, ambiguity, and type rules must be used to weed out syntactically valid but meaningless constructs.
A.2 Lexical conventions [gram.lex]hex-quad: hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
universal-character-name: \u hex-quad \U hex-quad hex-quad
preprocessing-token: header-name identifier pp-number character-literal user-defined-character-literal string-literal user-defined-string-literal preprocessing-op-or-punc each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
token: identifier keyword literal operator punctuator
header-name: < h-char-sequence > " q-char-sequence "
h-char-sequence: h-char h-char-sequence h-char
h-char: any member of the source character set except new-line and >
q-char-sequence: q-char q-char-sequence q-char
q-char: any member of the source character set except new-line and "
pp-number: digit . digit pp-number digit pp-number identifier-nondigit pp-number ' digit pp-number ' nondigit pp-number e sign pp-number E sign pp-number p sign pp-number P sign pp-number .
identifier: identifier-nondigit identifier identifier-nondigit identifier digit
identifier-nondigit: nondigit universal-character-name
nondigit: one of a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z _
digit: one of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
preprocessing-op-or-punc: one of
{ } [ ] # ## ( )
<: :> <% %> %: %:%: ; : ...
new delete ? :: . .*
+ - * / % ^ & | ~
! = < > += -= *= /= %=
^= &= |= << >> >>= <<= == !=
<= >= && || ++ -- , ->* ->
and and_eq bitand bitor compl not not_eq
or or_eq xor xor_eq
literal: integer-literal character-literal floating-literal string-literal boolean-literal pointer-literal user-defined-literal
integer-literal: binary-literal integer-suffixopt octal-literal integer-suffixopt decimal-literal integer-suffixopt hexadecimal-literal integer-suffixopt
binary-literal: 0b binary-digit 0B binary-digit binary-literal 'opt binary-digit
octal-literal: 0 octal-literal 'opt octal-digit
decimal-literal: nonzero-digit decimal-literal 'opt digit
hexadecimal-literal: hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence
binary-digit: 0 1
octal-digit: one of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
nonzero-digit: one of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
hexadecimal-prefix: one of 0x 0X
hexadecimal-digit-sequence: hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit-sequence 'opt hexadecimal-digit
hexadecimal-digit: one of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F
integer-suffix: unsigned-suffix long-suffixopt unsigned-suffix long-long-suffixopt long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt long-long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt
unsigned-suffix: one of u U
long-suffix: one of l L
long-long-suffix: one of ll LL
character-literal: encoding-prefixopt ' c-char-sequence '
encoding-prefix: one of u8 u U L
c-char-sequence: c-char c-char-sequence c-char
c-char: any member of the source character set except the single-quote ', backslash \, or new-line character escape-sequence universal-character-name
escape-sequence: simple-escape-sequence octal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-escape-sequence
simple-escape-sequence: one of \' \" \? \\ \a \b \f \n \r \t \v
octal-escape-sequence: \ octal-digit \ octal-digit octal-digit \ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit
hexadecimal-escape-sequence: \x hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit
floating-literal: decimal-floating-literal hexadecimal-floating-literal
decimal-floating-literal: fractional-constant exponent-partopt floating-suffixopt digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixopt
hexadecimal-floating-literal: hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt
fractional-constant: digit-sequenceopt . digit-sequence digit-sequence .
hexadecimal-fractional-constant: hexadecimal-digit-sequenceopt . hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit-sequence .
exponent-part: e signopt digit-sequence E signopt digit-sequence
binary-exponent-part: p signopt digit-sequence P signopt digit-sequence
sign: one of + -
digit-sequence: digit digit-sequence 'opt digit
floating-suffix: one of f l F L
string-literal: encoding-prefixopt " s-char-sequenceopt " encoding-prefixopt R raw-string
s-char-sequence: s-char s-char-sequence s-char
s-char: any member of the source character set except the double-quote ", backslash \, or new-line character escape-sequence universal-character-name
raw-string: " d-char-sequenceopt ( r-char-sequenceopt ) d-char-sequenceopt "
r-char-sequence: r-char r-char-sequence r-char
r-char: any member of the source character set, except a right parenthesis ) followed by the initial d-char-sequence (which may be empty) followed by a double quote ".
d-char-sequence: d-char d-char-sequence d-char
d-char: any member of the basic source character set except: space, the left parenthesis (, the right parenthesis ), the backslash \, and the control characters representing horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, and newline.
boolean-literal: false true
pointer-literal: nullptr
user-defined-literal: user-defined-integer-literal user-defined-floating-literal user-defined-string-literal user-defined-character-literal
user-defined-integer-literal: decimal-literal ud-suffix octal-literal ud-suffix hexadecimal-literal ud-suffix binary-literal ud-suffix
user-defined-floating-literal: fractional-constant exponent-partopt ud-suffix digit-sequence exponent-part ud-suffix hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant binary-exponent-part ud-suffix hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence binary-exponent-part ud-suffix
user-defined-string-literal: string-literal ud-suffix
user-defined-character-literal: character-literal ud-suffix
ud-suffix: identifier
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