A type mentioned in [basic.fundamental] and [basic.compound] is a cv-unqualified type. Each type which is a cv-unqualified complete or incomplete object type or is void ([basic.types]) has three corresponding cv-qualified versions of its type: a const-qualified version, a volatile-qualified version, and a const-volatile-qualified version. The type of an object ([intro.object]) includes the cv-qualifiers specified in the decl-specifier-seq, declarator, type-id, or new-type-id when the object is created.
A const object is an object of type const T or a non-mutable subobject of such an object.
A volatile object is an object of type volatile T, a subobject of such an object, or a mutable subobject of a const volatile object.
A const volatile object is an object of type const volatile T, a non-mutable subobject of such an object, a const subobject of a volatile object, or a non-mutable volatile subobject of a const object.
The cv-qualified or cv-unqualified versions of a type are distinct types; however, they shall have the same representation and alignment requirements.55
A compound type is not cv-qualified by the cv-qualifiers (if any) of the types from which it is compounded. Any cv-qualifiers applied to an array type affect the array element type ([dcl.array]).
There is a partial ordering on cv-qualifiers, so that a type can be said to be more cv-qualified than another. Table 10 shows the relations that constitute this ordering.
Table
10— Relations on
constand
volatileIn this International Standard, the notation cv (or cv1, cv2, etc.), used in the description of types, represents an arbitrary set of cv-qualifiers, i.e., one of {const}, {volatile}, {const, volatile}, or the empty set. For a type cv T, the top-level cv-qualifiers of that type are those denoted by cv. [ Example: The type corresponding to the type-id const int& has no top-level cv-qualifiers. The type corresponding to the type-id volatile int * const has the top-level cv-qualifier const. For a class type C, the type corresponding to the type-id void (C::* volatile)(int) const has the top-level cv-qualifier volatile. — end example ]
Cv-qualifiers applied to an array type attach to the underlying element type, so the notation “cv T”, where T is an array type, refers to an array whose elements are so-qualified. An array type whose elements are cv-qualified is also considered to have the same cv-qualifications as its elements. [ Example:
typedef char CA[5];
typedef const char CC;
CC arr1[5] = { 0 };
const CA arr2 = { 0 };
The type of both arr1 and arr2 is “array of 5 const char”, and the array type is considered to be const-qualified. — end example ]
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