The questions we ask in our annual survey help us improve the Stack Overflow community and the platform that serves them.
The challenge and opportunity for us is to continue expanding and improving our ability to help all developers and to make them feel welcome in our community.
Read on for more great insights about the attitudes, tools, and environments that are shaping the art and practice of software today.
Developer Profile
Learning to code
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
Learning how to code →Technology
Most popular technologies
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
Other tools →Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.
The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.
Other tools →Technology
Top paying technologies
Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.
Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.
Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.
Top paying technologies →Work
Employment
Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).
In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.
Employment status →Work
Employment
85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.
Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.
The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.
Work environment →Professional Developers
Productivity impacts
62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.
25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions → Developer ProfileWhat we know about the global community of developers
Developer Profile
EducationMost developers (87%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.
38% of those learning to code already have a degree, learning doesn’t have to stop after you graduate.
70% of all respondents and 80% of Professional Developers have completed some form of higher education, a bachelor’s degree being the most common.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code73,268 responses
Primary/elementary school 2.46% 1,806 Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 10.79% 7,904 Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.73% 9,326 Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.05% 2,236 Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 41.32% 30,276 Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 21.14% 15,486 Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.53% 1,121 Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 2.96% 2,169 Something else 1.7% 1,247% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
53,507 responses
Primary/elementary school 0.77% 413 Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 6.28% 3,360 Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.41% 6,638 Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.21% 1,715 Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 47.9% 25,630 Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 23.95% 12,817 Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.62% 868 Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 2.47% 1,320 Something else 1.23% 658% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
6,309 responses
Primary/elementary school 7.01% 442 Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 31.78% 2,005 Some college/university study without earning a degree 19.42% 1,225 Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.69% 233 Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 27.26% 1,720 Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 5.75% 363 Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.09% 69 Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 0.49% 31 Something else 2.96% 187% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
Developer Profile
Learning to codeWe see that learning how to code is a very unique experience, with people using a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
All Respondents By Age71,580 responses
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 70.91% 50,756 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 62.18% 44,506 Books / Physical media 54.48% 38,994 Online Courses or Certification 46.63% 33,379 On the job training 39.85% 28,523 Colleague 18.42% 13,188 Friend or family member 13.95% 9,987 Coding Bootcamp 10.8% 7,731 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 7.36% 5,269% Percentages # Responses
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
69,809 responses
Under 18 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 84.95% 3,211 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 30.74% 1,162 Books / Physical media 37.06% 1,401 Online Courses or Certification 43.04% 1,627 On the job training 4.39% 166 Colleague 2.91% 110 Friend or family member 20.98% 793 Coding Bootcamp 10.53% 398 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 6.64% 251 18-24 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 78.62% 12,983 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 65.47% 10,811 Books / Physical media 39.71% 6,557 Online Courses or Certification 50.87% 8,400 On the job training 28.44% 4,697 Colleague 14.13% 2,334 Friend or family member 15.23% 2,515 Coding Bootcamp 12.64% 2,087 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 9.96% 1,644 25-34 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 71.39% 19,935 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 66.2% 18,486 Books / Physical media 50.9% 14,215 Online Courses or Certification 49.55% 13,837 On the job training 45.72% 12,767 Colleague 21.24% 5,932 Friend or family member 12.78% 3,568 Coding Bootcamp 11.8% 3,296 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.24% 2,301 35-44 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 66.93% 9,298 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 62.88% 8,735 Books / Physical media 69.98% 9,722 Online Courses or Certification 43.69% 6,070 On the job training 47.21% 6,558 Colleague 22.21% 3,086 Friend or family member 14.99% 2,083 Coding Bootcamp 8.79% 1,221 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 5.13% 713 45-54 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 61.1% 3,188 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 60.46% 3,155 Books / Physical media 84.29% 4,398 Online Courses or Certification 40.25% 2,100 On the job training 50.54% 2,637 Colleague 20.76% 1,083 Friend or family member 12.61% 658 Coding Bootcamp 7.9% 412 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 3.55% 185 55-64 years old Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 52.73% 1,024 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 63.65% 1,236 Books / Physical media 83.63% 1,624 Online Courses or Certification 34.19% 664 On the job training 53.45% 1,038 Colleague 18.9% 367 Friend or family member 7.16% 139 Coding Bootcamp 6.95% 135 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 2.37% 46 65 years or older Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 48.23% 259 School (i.e., University, College, etc) 58.85% 316 Books / Physical media 80.26% 431 Online Courses or Certification 28.31% 152 On the job training 53.26% 286 Colleague 17.69% 95 Friend or family member 4.66% 25 Coding Bootcamp 6.15% 33 Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 2.61% 14% Percentages # Responses
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
The most relied upon online resources for people to learn how to code are technical documentation and Stack Overflow. This shows how important it is for companies to have well-written documentation available and an active community providing answers on Stack Overflow.
It’s also interesting that we see such variety in the way that people teach themselves how to code. Written material, a variety of video formats, books, courses - there’s no one size fits all approach to learning how to code. Everyone can piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.
50,685 responses
Technical documentation 88.13% 44,669 Stack Overflow 86.14% 43,658 Blogs 75.35% 38,192 How-to videos 59.92% 30,371 Written Tutorials 58.08% 29,436 Video-based Online Courses 51.42% 26,064 Online books 43.87% 22,238 Online forum 40.34% 20,446 Written-based Online Courses 34.38% 17,424 Coding sessions (live or recorded) 28.86% 14,626 Interactive tutorial 26.21% 13,287 Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) 25.1% 12,723 Certification videos 14.88% 7,541 Programming Games 13.32% 6,752 Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) 7.21% 3,652% Percentages # Responses
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Udemy leads as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code. This may be popular for the same reasons we saw above - people can purchase the individual courses they want, creating their own learning path.
29,389 responses
Udemy 66.49% 19,540 Coursera 34.91% 10,261 Codecademy 26.24% 7,712 Pluralsight 22.44% 6,594 Other 22.21% 6,528 edX 15.62% 4,590 Udacity 13.59% 3,995 Skillsoft 1.88% 553% Percentages # Responses
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Developer Profile
ExperienceThe majority of developers in their early to mid-career stage.
Similar to last year 50% of respondents have been coding for ten years or less.
The United States and United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced respondents, with an average of 15 and a half years of experience coding.
All Respondents Average by Top 10 Countries71,331 responses
Less than 1 year 1.98% 1,413 1 to 4 years 18.95% 13,519 5 to 9 years 29.28% 20,889 10 to 14 years 18.88% 13,466 15 to 19 years 10.04% 7,161 20 to 24 years 8.01% 5,714 25 to 29 years 4.47% 3,189 30 to 34 years 3.28% 2,341 35 to 39 years 2.39% 1,702 40 to 44 years 1.9% 1,355 45 to 49 years 0.48% 342 More than 50 years 0.34% 240% Percentages # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
41,279 responses
United States of America 15.58 13,227 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 15.55 4,117 Canada 14.32 2,433 Netherlands 14.06 1,537 Germany 13.57 5,339 Spain 13.11 1,502 France 12.3 2,291 Brazil 11.55 2,046 Poland 11.01 1,703 India 7.29 6,254Average Years Coding # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
A majority of respondents (75%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as a professional developer, meaning they’ve never worked in a world without Stack Overflow.
51,833 responses
Less than 1 year 3.8% 1,972 1 to 4 years 28.43% 14,734 5 to 9 years 27.45% 14,230 10 to 14 years 16.16% 8,375 15 to 19 years 8.94% 4,633 20 to 24 years 7.24% 3,751 25 to 29 years 3.59% 1,863 30 to 34 years 2.21% 1,147 35 to 39 years 1.2% 624 40 to 44 years 0.66% 341 45 to 49 years 0.21% 108 More than 50 years 0.11% 55% Percentages # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
51,833 responses
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 17.04 1,645 Engineering manager 14.5 3,372 Product manager 14.42 2,221 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 13.75 8,276 Designer 13.71 2,889 Project manager 13.66 3,401 Database administrator 13.62 4,255 Security professional 13.53 1,594 Marketing or sales professional 13.34 337 Educator 13.12 1,596 System administrator 13.02 4,059 Developer, embedded applications or devices 12.86 3,275 Data or business analyst 12.77 2,637 Scientist 12.05 1,298 Engineer, site reliability 11.94 1,703 Developer, game or graphics 11.9 1,334 DevOps specialist 11.65 5,548 Cloud infrastructure engineer 11.58 4,777 Developer, QA or test 11.19 2,620 Engineer, data 11.17 3,055 Academic researcher 10.89 1,723 Developer, back-end 10.69 22,810 Developer, mobile 10.51 6,295 Developer, full-stack 10.23 24,247 Developer, front-end 9.95 12,960 Data scientist or machine learning specialist 9.7 2,629 Blockchain 9.63 971 Student 4.86 677Average Years Coding Professional # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Developer Profile
Developer rolesFew developers consider themselves to be a single developer type, showing us their skill diversity.
Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about Cloud infrastructure engineer for the first time this year - almost 9% classify themselves as this type of developer.
Developers are wearing multiple hats. The majority of respondents said they considered themselves to be more than one type of developer - with DBAs, SREs, and Security professionals reporting the most variety. On average each of these roles reported being seven other developer types.
All Respondents Count of Roles61,302 responses
Developer, full-stack 46.82% 28,701 Developer, back-end 43.38% 26,595 Developer, front-end 25.96% 15,915 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 15.57% 9,546 Developer, mobile 12.45% 7,634 DevOps specialist 10.06% 6,170 Student 9.13% 5,595 Cloud infrastructure engineer 8.62% 5,283 Database administrator 8.05% 4,934 System administrator 8.01% 4,908 Developer, embedded applications or devices 6.4% 3,923 Project manager 6.36% 3,897 Designer 6.14% 3,764 Engineer, data 5.87% 3,600 Engineering manager 5.83% 3,574 Data scientist or machine learning specialist 5.59% 3,424 Data or business analyst 5.22% 3,201 Developer, QA or test 5.05% 3,096 Academic researcher 4.42% 2,709 Product manager 4.1% 2,514 Educator 3.41% 2,090 Engineer, site reliability 3.18% 1,947 Security professional 3.15% 1,928 Developer, game or graphics 3% 1,837 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 2.94% 1,805 Scientist 2.87% 1,762 Blockchain 2.12% 1,302 Marketing or sales professional 0.84% 518% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
59,988responses
Average count of other roles
Database administrator 7 4,934 Product manager 7 2,514 Security professional 7 1,928 Blockchain 6 1,302 Data or business analyst 6 3,201 Designer 6 3,764 Developer, game or graphics 6 1,837 Developer, QA or test 6 3,096 Educator 6 2,090 Engineer, site reliability 6 1,947 Project manager 6 3,897 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 6 1,805 System administrator 6 4,908 Academic researcher 5 2,709 Cloud infrastructure engineer 5 5,283 Data scientist or machine learning specialist 5 3,424 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 5 9,546 Developer, embedded applications or devices 5 3,923 DevOps specialist 5 6,170 Engineer, data 5 3,600 Engineering manager 5 3,574 Scientist 5 1,762 Developer, back-end 4 26,595 Developer, front-end 4 15,915 Developer, mobile 4 7,634 Student 4 5,595 Developer, full-stack 3 28,701Average Count of Other Roles # Responses
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Key territoriesAcross the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.
The United States and India continue to provide the highest volume of survey responses, followed by Germany and UKI (UK and Ireland).
The top ten countries account for almost 60% of all respondents. This year we saw Spain just barely overtake Italy for the number ten spot. To see the top ten countries, refer to the methodology section.
Top 10 Countries All Countries41,502 responses
United States of America 18.88% 13,543 India 9.26% 6,639 Germany 7.52% 5,395 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5.84% 4,190 Canada 3.47% 2,490 France 3.25% 2,328 Brazil 2.94% 2,109 Poland 2.41% 1,732 Netherlands 2.17% 1,555 Spain 2.12% 1,521% Percentages # Responses
Where do you live? *
71,771 responses
Response Percentage Responses United States of America 18.88% 13,543 India 9.26% 6,639 Germany 7.52% 5,395 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5.84% 4,190 Canada 3.47% 2,490 France 3.25% 2,328 Brazil 2.94% 2,109 Poland 2.41% 1,732 Netherlands 2.17% 1,555 Spain 2.12% 1,521 Italy 2.11% 1,514 Australia 2.04% 1,462 Russian Federation 1.71% 1,229 Sweden 1.42% 1,020 Turkey 1.42% 1,020 Switzerland 1.3% 932 Austria 1.16% 833 Israel 1.11% 795 Iran, Islamic Republic of... 1.01% 723 Pakistan 0.99% 711 Czech Republic 0.96% 692 China 0.88% 632 Belgium 0.87% 626 Bangladesh 0.85% 613 Ukraine 0.83% 593 Romania 0.81% 581 Mexico 0.8% 574 Portugal 0.78% 563 Greece 0.76% 548 Denmark 0.76% 547 Indonesia 0.75% 537 Argentina 0.73% 521 Nigeria 0.72% 517 South Africa 0.69% 493 Norway 0.67% 479 Finland 0.65% 468 Hungary 0.65% 466 New Zealand 0.61% 440 Egypt 0.56% 400 Philippines 0.51% 366 Bulgaria 0.51% 364 Colombia 0.48% 341 Japan 0.46% 333 Ireland 0.46% 332 Viet Nam 0.44% 317 Sri Lanka 0.41% 296 Slovenia 0.4% 286 Serbia 0.39% 282 Kenya 0.38% 270 Taiwan 0.32% 233 Slovakia 0.32% 229 South Korea 0.32% 229 Morocco 0.32% 226 Singapore 0.32% 226 Nepal 0.31% 222 Lithuania 0.3% 212 Malaysia 0.29% 206 Chile 0.28% 203 Croatia 0.27% 192 Hong Kong (S.A.R.) 0.26% 184 Thailand 0.24% 175 United Arab Emirates 0.23% 165 Estonia 0.2% 141 Belarus 0.19% 136 Peru 0.19% 136 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... 0.17% 119 Saudi Arabia 0.16% 116 Uruguay 0.15% 106 Georgia 0.15% 105 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.14% 103 Tunisia 0.14% 101 Latvia 0.13% 95 Armenia 0.13% 93 Ghana 0.12% 86 Uzbekistan 0.12% 84 Dominican Republic 0.12% 83 Ecuador 0.12% 83 Costa Rica 0.11% 76 Ethiopia 0.1% 75 Republic of Korea 0.1% 72 Lebanon 0.1% 71 Kazakhstan 0.1% 70 Afghanistan 0.1% 69 Azerbaijan 0.1% 69 Jordan 0.09% 64 Uganda 0.09% 63 Cyprus 0.09% 61 Albania 0.08% 59 Luxembourg 0.08% 56 Guatemala 0.08% 54 Iraq 0.08% 54 Myanmar 0.07% 53 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.07% 51 El Salvador 0.06% 45 Bolivia 0.06% 44 Paraguay 0.06% 42 Malta 0.05% 39 Republic of Moldova 0.05% 37 Algeria 0.05% 36 Cambodia 0.05% 35 Syrian Arab Republic 0.05% 35 Cameroon 0.05% 34 Palestine 0.05% 34 Sudan 0.04% 32 Cuba 0.04% 31 Zimbabwe 0.04% 30 Kosovo 0.04% 29 Honduras 0.04% 28 Iceland 0.04% 28 Panama 0.04% 28 United Republic of Tanzania 0.04% 28 Madagascar 0.04% 26 Jamaica 0.03% 22 Kyrgyzstan 0.03% 22 Mauritius 0.03% 21 Kuwait 0.03% 20 Qatar 0.03% 20 Rwanda 0.03% 20 Zambia 0.03% 20 Mongolia 0.03% 19 Montenegro 0.03% 19 Nicaragua 0.03% 18 Turkmenistan 0.02% 16 Andorra 0.02% 15 Bahrain 0.02% 14 Côte d'Ivoire 0.02% 14 Malawi 0.02% 14 Yemen 0.02% 14 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.02% 13 Oman 0.02% 13 Senegal 0.02% 13 Trinidad and Tobago 0.02% 13 Angola 0.02% 12 Congo, Republic of the... 0.02% 12 Isle of Man 0.02% 12 Maldives 0.02% 12 Somalia 0.02% 12 Benin 0.02% 11 Mozambique 0.02% 11 Tajikistan 0.02% 11 Mali 0.01% 10 Togo 0.01% 9 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.01% 7 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.01% 7 Swaziland 0.01% 7 Barbados 0.01% 6 Botswana 0.01% 6 Guyana 0.01% 6 Bhutan 0.01% 5 Guinea 0.01% 5 Namibia 0.01% 5 Bahamas 0.01% 4 Cape Verde 0.01% 4 North Korea 0.01% 4 Suriname 0.01% 4 Timor-Leste 0.01% 4 Belize 0% 3 Chad 0% 3 Haiti 0% 3 Niger 0% 3 Saint Lucia 0% 3 Antigua and Barbuda 0% 2 Fiji 0% 2 Gabon 0% 2 Gambia 0% 2 Lesotho 0% 2 Liberia 0% 2 Mauritania 0% 2 Palau 0% 2 Papua New Guinea 0% 2 Sierra Leone 0% 2 Brunei Darussalam 0% 1 Burkina Faso 0% 1 Djibouti 0% 1 Monaco 0% 1 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0% 1 San Marino 0% 1 Seychelles 0% 1 Solomon Islands 0% 1Where do you live? *
Developer Profile
DemographicsDevelopers and technologists are a diverse group of individuals across many spectrums. We are committed to continuing to ensure our platform is inclusive and welcoming to all.
46% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code70,946 responses
Under 18 years old 5.45% 3,866 18-24 years old 23.46% 16,646 25-34 years old 39.62% 28,112 35-44 years old 19.72% 13,988 45-54 years old 7.44% 5,281 55-64 years old 2.79% 1,978 65 years or older 0.78% 554 Prefer not to say 0.73% 521% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
53,041 responses
Under 18 years old 0.71% 379 18-24 years old 20.13% 10,677 25-34 years old 45.91% 24,350 35-44 years old 21.96% 11,647 45-54 years old 7.66% 4,063 55-64 years old 2.71% 1,437 65 years or older 0.56% 295 Prefer not to say 0.36% 193% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
6,206 responses
Under 18 years old 17.66% 1,096 18-24 years old 55.59% 3,450 25-34 years old 17.31% 1,074 35-44 years old 5.16% 320 45-54 years old 1.84% 114 55-64 years old 0.66% 41 65 years or older 0.27% 17 Prefer not to say 1.51% 94% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
Those learning to code are slightly less likely to identify as a man and slightly more likely to prefer to not identify. Both of these are indications that the industry (and our survey) could continue to become more diverse as more people join the workforce.
92% of all respondents and 93% of Professional Developers identify as a man. The United States has the highest percentage of gender minorities (Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming). We have considerable work to do to ensure our platform is inclusive and that our survey is representative of developers everywhere.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Gender Minorities by Country70,853 responses
Man 91.88% 65,097 Woman 5.17% 3,662 Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.67% 1,186 Prefer not to say 1.65% 1,172 Or, in your own words: 0.74% 521% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
52,927 responses
Man 92.85% 49,141 Woman 4.8% 2,542 Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.39% 735 Prefer not to say 1.28% 678 Or, in your own words: 0.62% 327% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,207 responses
Man 87.9% 5,456 Woman 7.96% 494 Prefer not to say 2.55% 158 Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.98% 123 Or, in your own words: 0.89% 55% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
70,853responses
Percent who identify as Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming
United States of America 9.8% 1,328 Canada 8% 199 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 7.89% 332 Netherlands 7.06% 110 Spain 6.74% 102 Brazil 6.68% 142 France 5.97% 139 Germany 5.68% 307 India 5.63% 367 Poland 4.43% 77% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
1.5% of all respondents identify as transgender. Like we see with gender identification, those learning to code are slightly more likely to prefer to not say if they identify as transgender.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code70,315 responses
No 95.84% 67,392 Prefer not to say 1.96% 1,379 Yes 1.51% 1,064 Or, in your own words: 0.68% 480% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
52,555 responses
No 96.65% 50,794 Prefer not to say 1.59% 837 Yes 1.17% 615 Or, in your own words: 0.59% 309% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
6,123 responses
No 93.91% 5,750 Prefer not to say 3.18% 195 Yes 2.16% 132 Or, in your own words: 0.75% 46% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as straight/heterosexual than Professional Developers, with 10% preferring not to say.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code66,565 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 84.09% 55,975 Prefer not to say 6.53% 4,350 Bisexual 5.45% 3,626 Gay or Lesbian 2.67% 1,778 Prefer to self-describe: 2.15% 1,429 Queer 1.7% 1,131% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
50,070 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 85.96% 43,040 Prefer not to say 5.57% 2,790 Bisexual 5.11% 2,558 Gay or Lesbian 2.52% 1,264 Prefer to self-describe: 1.71% 856 Queer 1.54% 770% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
5,641 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 77.98% 4,399 Prefer not to say 9.98% 563 Bisexual 6.9% 389 Prefer to self-describe: 3.49% 197 Gay or Lesbian 2.52% 142 Queer 1.63% 92% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as European and/or White than Professional Developers. Like we saw with other demographic questions, the new group of developers who may enter the workforce soon, could be more diverse.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code69,474 responses
White 39.38% 27,360 European 37.25% 25,877 Indian 9.7% 6,739 Asian 9.48% 6,586 Hispanic or Latino/a 5.71% 3,967 Middle Eastern 4.1% 2,850 South American 3.78% 2,624 North American 3.36% 2,331 African 3.3% 2,294 South Asian 2.59% 1,797 Prefer not to say 2.49% 1,732 Southeast Asian 2.33% 1,618 Or, in your own words: 2.19% 1,524 Multiracial 1.76% 1,222 East Asian 1.75% 1,214 Black 1.48% 1,028 Biracial 1.15% 798 I don't know 1.01% 701 North African 0.88% 611 Caribbean 0.66% 460 Central American 0.6% 416 Central Asian 0.57% 397 Ethnoreligious group 0.5% 348 Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.47% 330 Pacific Islander 0.21% 147% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
51,945 responses
White 40.75% 21,166 European 38.13% 19,807 Indian 9.01% 4,678 Asian 8.53% 4,430 Hispanic or Latino/a 6.04% 3,137 Middle Eastern 4.21% 2,187 South American 4.1% 2,131 North American 3.24% 1,681 African 2.82% 1,466 South Asian 2.39% 1,242 Prefer not to say 2.2% 1,143 Or, in your own words: 2.08% 1,081 Southeast Asian 2% 1,038 Multiracial 1.68% 871 East Asian 1.5% 779 Black 1.27% 661 Biracial 1.06% 551 North African 0.82% 424 I don't know 0.8% 417 Caribbean 0.64% 334 Central American 0.56% 290 Central Asian 0.5% 262 Ethnoreligious group 0.45% 232 Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.44% 231 Pacific Islander 0.17% 90% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,086 responses
European 25.94% 1,579 White 24.33% 1,481 Indian 18.17% 1,106 Asian 16.86% 1,026 African 8.4% 511 Hispanic or Latino/a 4.65% 283 Southeast Asian 4.45% 271 South Asian 4.34% 264 Middle Eastern 4.27% 260 South American 3.12% 190 Black 3.07% 187 Prefer not to say 2.81% 171 East Asian 2.6% 158 North American 2.3% 140 Or, in your own words: 2.22% 135 I don't know 1.91% 116 Multiracial 1.81% 110 North African 1.5% 91 Biracial 1.27% 77 Central Asian 1.18% 72 Central American 0.81% 49 Caribbean 0.77% 47 Ethnoreligious group 0.43% 26 Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.41% 25 Pacific Islander 0.36% 22% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
2,547 respondents have a physical difference, with the majority of these respondents being blind or having difficulty seeing.
2,547 responses
I am blind / have difficulty seeing 1.7% 1,142 Or, in your own words: 0.97% 650 I am deaf / hard of hearing 0.85% 570 I am unable to / find it difficult to walk or stand without assistance 0.44% 298 I am unable to / find it difficult to type 0.35% 232% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Response to this question increased from 20% last year to 22% this year.
This year we see more developers identifying as having a concentration and/or memory disorder (10.6%), anxiety disorder (10.3%), mood or emotional disorder (9.7%).
16,163 responses
I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g., ADHD, etc.) 10.57% 7,026 I have an anxiety disorder 10.31% 6,848 I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, etc.) 9.71% 6,449 I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger's, etc.) 4.27% 2,834 I have learning differences (e.g., Dyslexic, Dyslexia, etc.) 2.77% 1,840 Or, in your own words: 1.23% 815% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
TechnologyEach year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and what they want to use.
We have the favorite Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted data as well as Worked With vs. Want to Work With, which shows us precisely what developers used in the past year and what they want to work on in the following year. If you need a refresher on how we structure Loved, Dread and Wanted, or if you want to read about the intuition behind Worked With vs. Want to Work With, check out this post our meta post.
Technology
Most popular technologiesThis year, we're comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.
2022 marks JavaScript’s tenth year in a row as the most commonly used programming language.
But, it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS, Javascript and Python are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developers to report using Python (58% vs 44%), C++ (35% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).
Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are less likely to report using SQL (38% vs 53%), TypeScript (15% vs 40%), and Bash/Shell (19% vs 29%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code71,547 responses
JavaScript 65.36% 46,443 HTML/CSS 55.08% 39,142 SQL 49.43% 35,127 Python 48.07% 34,155 TypeScript 34.83% 24,752 Java 33.27% 23,644 Bash/Shell 29.07% 20,656 C# 27.98% 19,883 C++ 22.55% 16,024 PHP 20.87% 14,827 C 19.27% 13,692 PowerShell 12.07% 8,575 Go 11.15% 7,922 Rust 9.32% 6,625 Kotlin 9.16% 6,507 Dart 6.54% 4,648 Ruby 6.05% 4,299 Assembly 5.47% 3,887 Swift 4.91% 3,489 R 4.66% 3,308 VBA 4.48% 3,185 MATLAB 4.1% 2,913 Lua 4.03% 2,867 Groovy 3.32% 2,357 Delphi 3.25% 2,311 Scala 2.59% 1,837 Objective-C 2.39% 1,698 Perl 2.31% 1,644 Haskell 2.22% 1,577 Elixir 2.15% 1,528 Julia 1.53% 1,084 Clojure 1.51% 1,070 Solidity 1.45% 1,031 LISP 1.31% 932 F# 1.03% 730 Fortran 0.91% 646 Erlang 0.9% 641 APL 0.71% 504 COBOL 0.65% 464 SAS 0.61% 435 OCaml 0.59% 422 Crystal 0.48% 340% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
53,421 responses
JavaScript 67.9% 36,203 HTML/CSS 54.93% 29,291 SQL 52.64% 28,068 Python 43.51% 23,201 TypeScript 40.08% 21,369 Java 33.4% 17,807 C# 29.72% 15,846 Bash/Shell 29.47% 15,716 PHP 21.42% 11,423 C++ 20.17% 10,755 C 16.7% 8,904 PowerShell 12.07% 6,437 Go 11.83% 6,307 Kotlin 9.92% 5,291 Rust 8.8% 4,690 Ruby 6.72% 3,585 Dart 6.67% 3,555 Swift 5.18% 2,763 Assembly 4.5% 2,399 VBA 3.84% 2,049 Groovy 3.8% 2,028 R 3.56% 1,899 Delphi 3.51% 1,874 MATLAB 3.41% 1,816 Lua 3.23% 1,723 Scala 2.97% 1,583 Objective-C 2.69% 1,434 Elixir 2.46% 1,311 Perl 2.21% 1,176 Haskell 1.94% 1,035 Clojure 1.66% 886 Solidity 1.52% 809 LISP 1.12% 599 F# 1.08% 577 Julia 1.04% 556 Erlang 0.98% 523 Fortran 0.63% 338 COBOL 0.57% 306 OCaml 0.52% 279 SAS 0.5% 265 APL 0.47% 249 Crystal 0.43% 229% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
6,239 responses
HTML/CSS 62.59% 3,719 JavaScript 59.79% 3,553 Python 58.38% 3,469 Java 38.67% 2,298 SQL 37.8% 2,246 C++ 34.69% 2,061 C 31.94% 1,898 C# 20.45% 1,215 Bash/Shell 19.37% 1,151 PHP 18.82% 1,118 TypeScript 15.05% 894 Assembly 8.68% 516 PowerShell 8.3% 493 Dart 7.34% 436 Rust 7.09% 421 Kotlin 6.88% 409 MATLAB 6.16% 366 R 5.71% 339 Go 5.17% 307 Lua 3.9% 232 Swift 3.35% 199 VBA 3.25% 193 Haskell 2.66% 158 Ruby 2.52% 150 Solidity 1.53% 91 APL 1.51% 90 LISP 1.21% 72 Julia 1.16% 69 Objective-C 0.99% 59 Scala 0.98% 58 Delphi 0.88% 52 SAS 0.84% 50 Perl 0.81% 48 Fortran 0.74% 44 OCaml 0.72% 43 Groovy 0.62% 37 Clojure 0.59% 35 Elixir 0.49% 29 F# 0.49% 29 COBOL 0.45% 27 Erlang 0.42% 25 Crystal 0.35% 21% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
For Professional Developers PostgreSQL just barely took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use Redis, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Elasticsearch.
MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL). This makes sense since it supports a large number of languages and application development platforms.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code63,327 responses
MySQL 46.85% 28,520 PostgreSQL 43.59% 26,538 SQLite 32.01% 19,487 MongoDB 28.3% 17,228 Microsoft SQL Server 26.87% 16,355 Redis 22.13% 13,471 MariaDB 17.93% 10,912 Elasticsearch 12.21% 7,430 Oracle 11.49% 6,994 Firebase Realtime Database 8.72% 5,309 DynamoDB 8.26% 5,029 Cloud Firestore 7.45% 4,535 Cassandra 2.66% 1,617 Neo4j 2.12% 1,291 IBM DB2 2% 1,219 Couchbase 1.33% 807 CouchDB 1.29% 783% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
48,788 responses
PostgreSQL 46.48% 22,214 MySQL 45.68% 21,830 SQLite 30.83% 14,733 Microsoft SQL Server 28.77% 13,750 MongoDB 28.29% 13,518 Redis 24.97% 11,935 MariaDB 17.91% 8,561 Elasticsearch 13.9% 6,642 Oracle 11.79% 5,632 DynamoDB 9.42% 4,504 Firebase Realtime Database 8.57% 4,094 Cloud Firestore 7.28% 3,478 Cassandra 2.73% 1,306 Neo4j 2.13% 1,016 IBM DB2 1.98% 944 CouchDB 1.34% 638 Couchbase 1.29% 615% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
5,106 responses
MySQL 58.4% 2,495 MongoDB 31.32% 1,338 SQLite 30.41% 1,299 PostgreSQL 25.54% 1,091 Microsoft SQL Server 16.34% 698 MariaDB 14.3% 611 Firebase Realtime Database 11.56% 494 Oracle 10.84% 463 Cloud Firestore 8.59% 367 Redis 5.55% 237 Cassandra 1.59% 68 DynamoDB 1.59% 68 Elasticsearch 1.54% 66 Neo4j 1.43% 61 IBM DB2 1.22% 52 Couchbase 0.87% 37 CouchDB 0.68% 29% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents and for Professional Developers. Azure took the second-place spot from Google Cloud.
People learning to code have much different usage of cloud platforms. Heroku is the most used platform for those learning to code (35%), significantly higher than Professional Developers (18%). We see similar differences with Google Cloud (31% learning to code; 26% Professional Developers), Firebase (30% learning to code; 21% Professional Developers), VMware (12% learning to code; 8% Professional Developers).
You can see the inroads that AWS and Azure have with organizations - significantly more Professional Developers are using those platforms compared to people who are learning to code.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code56,553 responses
AWS 51.01% 25,939 Microsoft Azure 28.72% 14,604 Google Cloud 26.81% 13,634 Firebase 21.14% 10,751 Heroku 19.98% 10,160 DigitalOcean 15.64% 7,953 VMware 8.71% 4,429 Managed Hosting 5.76% 2,927 Linode 3.92% 1,994 OVH 3.76% 1,913 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2.18% 1,110 OpenStack 2.02% 1,029 IBM Cloud or Watson 1.68% 853 Colocation 1.26% 642% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
44,106 responses
AWS 55.17% 22,357 Microsoft Azure 30.36% 12,304 Google Cloud 26.1% 10,576 Firebase 21.05% 8,529 Heroku 18.34% 7,433 DigitalOcean 16.15% 6,544 VMware 7.61% 3,084 Managed Hosting 5.66% 2,295 Linode 3.76% 1,522 OVH 3.62% 1,465 OpenStack 1.79% 724 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 1.7% 688 IBM Cloud or Watson 1.47% 595 Colocation 1.14% 460% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,282 responses
Heroku 35.24% 1,087 Google Cloud 31.35% 967 Firebase 30.05% 927 AWS 23.7% 731 Microsoft Azure 16.24% 501 VMware 12.41% 383 DigitalOcean 9.79% 302 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 4.12% 127 Managed Hosting 3.86% 119 Linode 3.53% 109 OVH 3.31% 102 IBM Cloud or Watson 2.79% 86 OpenStack 2.59% 80 Colocation 1% 31% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by Professional Developers and those learning to code. Angular is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (23% vs 10%), same with ASP.NET (16% vs 10%) and ASP.NET Core (21% vs 10%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code58,743 responses
Node.js 47.12% 25,733 React.js 42.62% 23,277 jQuery 28.57% 15,602 Express 22.99% 12,557 Angular 20.39% 11,138 Vue.js 18.82% 10,278 ASP.NET Core 18.59% 10,155 ASP.NET 14.9% 8,139 Django 14.65% 8,002 Flask 14.64% 7,994 Next.js 13.52% 7,386 Laravel 9.45% 5,159 Angular.js 8.99% 4,912 FastAPI 6.02% 3,289 Ruby on Rails 5.83% 3,182 Svelte 4.58% 2,500 Blazor 4.46% 2,438 Nuxt.js 3.83% 2,089 Symfony 3.58% 1,955 Gatsby 3.46% 1,889 Drupal 2.22% 1,211 Phoenix 2.13% 1,164 Fastify 1.85% 1,008 Deno 1.69% 925 Play Framework 0.82% 450% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
45,297 responses
Node.js 46.31% 20,003 React.js 44.31% 19,136 jQuery 29.21% 12,614 Express 23.19% 10,018 Angular 23.06% 9,962 ASP.NET Core 20.71% 8,947 Vue.js 19.9% 8,594 ASP.NET 16.15% 6,974 Next.js 13.93% 6,018 Django 13.59% 5,868 Flask 13.24% 5,717 Laravel 10.3% 4,449 Angular.js 9.94% 4,295 Ruby on Rails 6.37% 2,753 FastAPI 6.01% 2,597 Blazor 4.92% 2,126 Svelte 4.11% 1,773 Nuxt.js 4.06% 1,752 Symfony 3.98% 1,718 Gatsby 3.77% 1,628 Phoenix 2.32% 1,004 Drupal 2.25% 970 Fastify 1.92% 831 Deno 1.47% 636 Play Framework 0.86% 373% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,932 responses
Node.js 52.86% 2,004 React.js 42.81% 1,623 Express 25.72% 975 jQuery 24.37% 924 Django 20.42% 774 Flask 16.78% 636 Vue.js 13.48% 511 Next.js 12.32% 467 Angular 10% 379 ASP.NET 9.94% 377 ASP.NET Core 9.58% 363 Laravel 7.25% 275 FastAPI 5.09% 193 Angular.js 5.04% 191 Svelte 4.35% 165 Ruby on Rails 2.22% 84 Blazor 2.14% 81 Nuxt.js 1.93% 73 Gatsby 1.85% 70 Symfony 1.77% 67 Deno 1.66% 63 Drupal 1.03% 39 Fastify 1% 38 Phoenix 0.76% 29 Play Framework 0.63% 24% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
This year we added additional responses to see the most popular libraries in different domains. For example, TensorFlow remains more popular than PyTorch for machine learning but Scikit-learn is close behind TensorFlow. Flutter and React Native are the two most popular cross-platform tools.
People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developer to be using NumPy (43% vs 24%), Pandas (35% vs 22%) - this makes sense given that they are both Python based and people learning to code are using Python. They are also more likely to be using TensorFlow (18% vs 11%) and Scikit-learn (17% vs 11%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code54,414 responses
.NET 34.55% 15,850 NumPy 28.65% 13,144 Pandas 25.08% 11,506 Spring 16.13% 7,399 TensorFlow 12.95% 5,942 Flutter 12.64% 5,799 Scikit-learn 12.59% 5,776 React Native 12.57% 5,765 Apache Kafka 10.35% 4,748 Electron 9.57% 4,390 Torch/PyTorch 8.61% 3,952 Qt 8.51% 3,906 Keras 7.27% 3,333 Ionic 5.27% 2,417 Xamarin 5.21% 2,388 Apache Spark 5.01% 2,298 Cordova 4.15% 1,903 Hadoop 3.45% 1,581 GTK 3.01% 1,380 Capacitor 2.49% 1,142 Tidyverse 2.17% 996 Hugging Face Transformers 2.02% 925 Uno Platform 0.73% 334% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
41,060 responses
.NET 36.41% 12,830 NumPy 24.42% 8,605 Pandas 22.21% 7,826 Spring 18.74% 6,604 React Native 13.62% 4,801 Flutter 12.56% 4,427 Apache Kafka 11.96% 4,216 TensorFlow 11.49% 4,048 Scikit-learn 11.21% 3,952 Electron 9.33% 3,288 Torch/PyTorch 7.61% 2,681 Qt 7.42% 2,615 Keras 6.47% 2,279 Ionic 5.97% 2,104 Xamarin 5.54% 1,951 Apache Spark 5.35% 1,884 Cordova 4.72% 1,664 Hadoop 3.52% 1,240 Capacitor 2.81% 990 GTK 2.27% 801 Hugging Face Transformers 1.92% 676 Tidyverse 1.36% 479 Uno Platform 0.66% 233% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,504 responses
NumPy 42.65% 1,326 Pandas 34.74% 1,080 .NET 28.02% 871 TensorFlow 17.66% 549 Flutter 17.63% 548 Scikit-learn 17.08% 531 React Native 11.39% 354 Qt 10.97% 341 Keras 10.71% 333 Torch/PyTorch 10.68% 332 Spring 8.56% 266 Electron 7.62% 237 GTK 3.6% 112 Xamarin 3.57% 111 Apache Spark 3.22% 100 Ionic 2.8% 87 Hadoop 2.73% 85 Tidyverse 2.67% 83 Apache Kafka 2.09% 65 Cordova 1.96% 61 Hugging Face Transformers 1.87% 58 Capacitor 1.25% 39 Uno Platform 0.71% 22% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code59,919 responses
npm 65.17% 35,778 Docker 63.72% 34,981 Yarn 27.64% 15,175 Homebrew 26.27% 14,420 Kubernetes 22.99% 12,624 Terraform 11.22% 6,160 Unity 3D 10.64% 5,840 Ansible 9.49% 5,210 Unreal Engine 3.97% 2,180 Puppet 1.87% 1,025 Chef 1.51% 828 Pulumi 0.84% 461 Flow 0.81% 444% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
46,432 responses
Docker 68.57% 29,780 npm 66.3% 28,798 Yarn 29.82% 12,952 Homebrew 28.25% 12,271 Kubernetes 25.45% 11,053 Terraform 12.3% 5,341 Ansible 9.64% 4,187 Unity 3D 8.19% 3,555 Unreal Engine 2.99% 1,300 Puppet 1.78% 772 Chef 1.46% 633 Pulumi 0.89% 388 Flow 0.72% 311% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,589 responses
npm 69.6% 2,475 Docker 30.91% 1,099 Unity 3D 22.53% 801 Yarn 20.25% 720 Homebrew 12.94% 460 Unreal Engine 8.75% 311 Kubernetes 5.93% 211 Ansible 2.31% 82 Terraform 1.55% 55 Flow 1.49% 53 Puppet 1.15% 41 Chef 0.96% 34 Pulumi 0.34% 12% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Visual Studio Code remains the preferred IDE across all developers. PyCharm is used more by people learning to code (26% vs 16%) while Vim is used more by Professional Developers (24% vs 16%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code71,010 responses
Visual Studio Code 74.48% 52,523 Visual Studio 32.15% 22,673 IntelliJ 27.97% 19,723 Notepad++ 27.71% 19,543 Vim 23.34% 16,458 Android Studio 19.8% 13,963 PyCharm 17.24% 12,158 Sublime Text 16.59% 11,698 Eclipse 12.57% 8,866 IPython/Jupyter 11.61% 8,188 Xcode 10.53% 7,425 Atom 9.35% 6,595 Nano 9.26% 6,530 Webstorm 7.94% 5,602 PhpStorm 6.79% 4,790 Neovim 6.75% 4,759 NetBeans 5.24% 3,695 CLion 5.02% 3,543 Rider 4.94% 3,480 Emacs 4.51% 3,178 RStudio 3.39% 2,387 GoLand 3.33% 2,345 RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) 2.69% 1,894 Qt Creator 2.68% 1,892 Spyder 2.32% 1,637 RubyMine 1.38% 975 TextMate 0.73% 516% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
53,168 responses
Visual Studio Code 74.48% 39,499 Visual Studio 32.33% 17,144 IntelliJ 29.45% 15,616 Notepad++ 27.73% 14,705 Vim 23.66% 12,549 Android Studio 19.97% 10,589 Sublime Text 16.14% 8,559 PyCharm 15.55% 8,246 Eclipse 12.26% 6,503 Xcode 11.57% 6,136 IPython/Jupyter 9.95% 5,276 Nano 8.85% 4,691 Webstorm 8.84% 4,690 Atom 7.99% 4,237 PhpStorm 7.76% 4,114 Neovim 6.24% 3,308 Rider 5.5% 2,918 NetBeans 5.07% 2,691 CLion 4.7% 2,495 Emacs 4.33% 2,298 GoLand 3.67% 1,944 RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) 2.87% 1,520 Qt Creator 2.46% 1,304 RStudio 2.45% 1,298 Spyder 1.69% 897 RubyMine 1.57% 834 TextMate 0.72% 381% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
6,111 responses
Visual Studio Code 81.04% 4,750 Visual Studio 34.24% 2,007 IntelliJ 26.77% 1,569 PyCharm 25.95% 1,521 Notepad++ 24.94% 1,462 Android Studio 23.15% 1,357 Sublime Text 19.88% 1,165 Vim 16.41% 962 IPython/Jupyter 15.9% 932 Eclipse 15.82% 927 Atom 14.54% 852 Nano 8.58% 503 NetBeans 8.29% 486 Neovim 7.27% 426 CLion 7.2% 422 Xcode 6.31% 370 Webstorm 5.55% 325 RStudio 4.97% 291 Spyder 4.52% 265 PhpStorm 4.47% 262 Rider 3.16% 185 Emacs 3% 176 Qt Creator 3% 176 GoLand 1.77% 104 RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) 0.82% 48 RubyMine 0.58% 34 TextMate 0.36% 21% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
We see definite differences between Professional Developers and people learning to code when it comes to asynchronous work tools. Jira is most used by Professional Developers (49%) but only used by 15% of those learning to code. It’s a similar story with Confluence, the second most used tool by Professional Developers (43%) but only used by 8% of those learning to code. For people starting their career, few of them will have experience with these tools, potentially increasing their time to ramp up on how to use them.
On the flip side, people who are learning to code are using Notion (36% vs 19%) and Trello (43% vs 32%) as their asynchronous work tools.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code51,225 responses
Jira Work Management 49.47% 24,234 Confluence 39.8% 19,496 Trello 33.32% 16,324 Notion 19.82% 9,711 Asana 7.91% 3,874 ClickUp 5.52% 2,704 Microsoft Planner 4.66% 2,282 Stack Overflow for Teams 3.68% 1,804 monday.com 3.35% 1,639 Airtable 2.94% 1,438 Microsoft Lists 1.99% 973 Smartsheet 1.33% 654 Wrike 0.85% 417 Adobe Workfront 0.75% 368 DingTalk (Teambition) 0.46% 227 Swit 0.27% 131 Workzone 0.23% 112 Planview Projectplace or Clarizen 0.17% 84 Cerri 0.12% 61 Wimi 0.12% 61 Leankor 0.12% 57% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
42,066 responses
Jira Work Management 53.86% 21,949 Confluence 42.8% 17,440 Trello 31.7% 12,919 Notion 18.69% 7,618 Asana 8.05% 3,281 ClickUp 5.55% 2,263 Microsoft Planner 4.01% 1,633 Stack Overflow for Teams 3.46% 1,409 monday.com 3.18% 1,294 Airtable 2.78% 1,131 Microsoft Lists 1.54% 626 Smartsheet 1.13% 461 Wrike 0.8% 326 Adobe Workfront 0.45% 183 DingTalk (Teambition) 0.31% 128 Swit 0.19% 78 Workzone 0.12% 47 Planview Projectplace or Clarizen 0.11% 45 Wimi 0.08% 31 Cerri 0.07% 28 Leankor 0.06% 23% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
2,819 responses
Trello 43.44% 997 Notion 36.08% 828 Jira Work Management 15.29% 351 Confluence 7.8% 179 Stack Overflow for Teams 7.02% 161 Microsoft Planner 6.1% 140 ClickUp 5.93% 136 Asana 5.1% 117 Microsoft Lists 4.49% 103 Adobe Workfront 3.75% 86 monday.com 3.36% 77 Airtable 2.09% 48 DingTalk (Teambition) 1.61% 37 Smartsheet 1.26% 29 Workzone 1.13% 26 Wrike 1.05% 24 Swit 0.87% 20 Cerri 0.48% 11 Leankor 0.48% 11 Wimi 0.44% 10 Planview Projectplace or Clarizen 0.39% 9% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
The three most popular synchronous tools are universal across all respondents, Professional Developers, and people learning to code - Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack.
For Professional Developers, the percentage of people using each of these tools is close - between 54%-58% of respondents. However, for people learning to code, Zoom is used significantly more (67%) than Microsoft Teams (48%) and Slack (30%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code65,408 responses
Zoom 56.08% 36,153 Microsoft Teams 56% 36,097 Slack 53.43% 34,440 Google Chat 20.2% 13,019 Cisco Webex Teams 9.68% 6,238 Mattermost 4.04% 2,603 Rocketchat 2.23% 1,438 RingCentral 0.87% 560 Symphony 0.56% 359 Wire 0.44% 283 Wickr 0.29% 189 Unify Circuit 0.19% 123 Coolfire Core 0.14% 89% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
50,914 responses
Slack 58.24% 29,402 Microsoft Teams 56.85% 28,699 Zoom 54.09% 27,304 Google Chat 20.12% 10,156 Cisco Webex Teams 9.08% 4,583 Mattermost 4.26% 2,153 Rocketchat 2.34% 1,179 RingCentral 0.85% 430 Symphony 0.54% 274 Wire 0.33% 169 Wickr 0.24% 122 Unify Circuit 0.13% 67 Coolfire Core 0.07% 36% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
4,805 responses
Zoom 66.5% 2,988 Microsoft Teams 48.23% 2,167 Slack 29.8% 1,339 Google Chat 21.32% 958 Cisco Webex Teams 10.02% 450 Mattermost 1.62% 73 Rocketchat 1.11% 50 Wire 0.78% 35 Wickr 0.58% 26 Coolfire Core 0.47% 21 RingCentral 0.42% 19 Symphony 0.42% 19 Unify Circuit 0.4% 18% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Windows is the most popular operating system for developers, across both personal and professional use. A Linux-based OS is more popular than macOS - speaking to the appeal of using open source software.
71,503 responses
Windows Personal use 62.33% 44,567 Professional use 48.82% 34,905 Linux-based Personal use 40.23% 28,765 Professional use 39.89% 28,523 macOS Personal use 31.07% 22,217 Professional use 32.97% 23,578 Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) Personal use 15% 10,724 Professional use 14.34% 10,252 BSD Personal use 1.47% 1,054 Professional use 1.03% 737% Percentages # Responses
What is the primary operating system in which you work? *
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wantedAlways one of the most popular series, we have some technologies/tools that are maintaining their position as most loved (Rust), and some that have unseated leaders (PostgreSQL).
Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.
Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want71,467 responses
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Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
71,467responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
Rust 17.6% 11,409 Python 17.59% 6,564 TypeScript 17.03% 7,956 Go 16.41% 10,425 JavaScript 12.98% 3,249 Kotlin 8.08% 5,250 C++ 7.67% 4,255 SQL 6.51% 2,365 C# 6.11% 3,154 Java 5.6% 2,679 Dart 4.83% 3,226 C 4.34% 2,506 Swift 4.3% 2,920 HTML/CSS 4.09% 1,322 Elixir 3.07% 2,150 Haskell 2.98% 2,085 Solidity 2.82% 1,987 Ruby 2.66% 1,787 Bash/Shell 2.65% 1,346 Assembly 2.5% 1,687 R 2.33% 1,589 Scala 2.21% 1,540 PHP 2.17% 1,227 F# 2.14% 1,513 Julia 2.05% 1,445 Lua 1.72% 1,178 Clojure 1.63% 1,148 PowerShell 1.55% 976 Erlang 1.25% 887 LISP 1.02% 716 OCaml 0.77% 547 MATLAB 0.76% 519 Objective-C 0.71% 495 APL 0.55% 391 Perl 0.53% 370 Crystal 0.51% 366 Groovy 0.47% 324 VBA 0.39% 268 Fortran 0.39% 277 COBOL 0.37% 263 SAS 0.33% 237 Delphi 0.23% 162% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
PostgreSQL becomes the most loved and wanted database after five years of Redis being the most loved.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want62,594 responses
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Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
62,594responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
PostgreSQL 19.05% 6,870 MongoDB 17.26% 7,831 Redis 14.3% 7,024 Elasticsearch 8.29% 4,575 SQLite 8.18% 3,524 MySQL 7.99% 2,723 Firebase Realtime Database 5.08% 2,908 DynamoDB 4.82% 2,772 Cassandra 4.39% 2,676 Neo4j 2.95% 1,808 MariaDB 2.71% 1,398 Microsoft SQL Server 2.62% 1,212 Cloud Firestore 2.54% 1,476 Oracle 2.24% 1,247 CouchDB 1.55% 957 Couchbase 0.98% 606 IBM DB2 0.4% 248% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
AWS remains not only the most used cloud platform but also the most loved and wanted.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want55,648 responses
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Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
55,648responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
AWS 34.34% 10,201 Google Cloud 18.14% 7,623 Microsoft Azure 15.57% 6,392 Firebase 8.38% 3,762 DigitalOcean 6.47% 3,084 Heroku 5.09% 2,316 Linode 2.64% 1,417 OpenStack 2.24% 1,224 VMware 1.86% 954 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 1.59% 866 IBM Cloud or Watson 1.49% 815 OVH 0.77% 416 Managed Hosting 0.75% 398 Colocation 0.43% 237% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.
Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want57,654 responses
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Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
57,654responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
React.js 22.54% 7,750 Node.js 16.12% 5,146 Vue.js 14.6% 6,916 Next.js 11.28% 5,669 Svelte 9.34% 5,154 Django 7.89% 3,916 Angular 7.18% 3,339 Deno 5.67% 3,214 FastAPI 4.94% 2,687 Express 4.89% 2,204 Blazor 4.69% 2,590 Nuxt.js 4.68% 2,602 ASP.NET Core 4.43% 2,104 Flask 4.32% 2,146 Angular.js 4.32% 2,276 Ruby on Rails 3.3% 1,798 jQuery 2.79% 1,174 Laravel 2.4% 1,261 ASP.NET 2.37% 1,173 Phoenix 1.79% 1,011 Gatsby 1.72% 961 Fastify 1.51% 857 Symfony 0.94% 523 Play Framework 0.47% 269 Drupal 0.43% 241% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Hugging Face Transformers surfaces as the most loved library while Tensorflow remains the most wanted.
This suggests that developers want to build machine learning models but enjoy using pre-trained models more. The popular cross-platform libraries, Flutter and React Native also remain in the top three most wanted.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want53,442 responses
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Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
53,442responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
TensorFlow 15.33% 7,283 Flutter 13.52% 6,439 React Native 13.05% 6,223 Apache Kafka 8.64% 4,207 Torch/PyTorch 8.57% 4,239 Electron 7.93% 3,891 NumPy 7.49% 3,018 Pandas 6.7% 2,811 .NET 5.38% 2,022 Apache Spark 4.29% 2,195 Scikit-learn 3.91% 1,862 Qt 3.55% 1,757 Spring 3.52% 1,619 Keras 3.34% 1,672 Hadoop 3.23% 1,673 Xamarin 3.12% 1,594 Ionic 2.02% 1,030 GTK 1.96% 1,023 Hugging Face Transformers 1.73% 907 Capacitor 0.94% 494 Cordova 0.8% 412 Uno Platform 0.79% 419 Tidyverse 0.39% 204% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.
The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want59,164 responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
59,164responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
Docker 37.08% 8,966 Kubernetes 23.82% 11,087 Unreal Engine 8.48% 4,830 Terraform 8% 4,239 Unity 3D 7.79% 4,153 npm 7.09% 1,658 Ansible 5.45% 2,941 Yarn 4.63% 2,038 Homebrew 1.73% 772 Pulumi 1.38% 809 Puppet 1.37% 795 Chef 1.33% 778 Flow 0.64% 376% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Neovim is the most loved editor for the second year in a row, with Visual Studio Code the next most loved.
However, Visual Studio Code is the most wanted tool, followed by Android Studio.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want70,832 responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
70,832responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
Visual Studio Code 10.98% 2,011 Android Studio 4.14% 2,354 Xcode 3.31% 2,098 IntelliJ 3.29% 1,681 Visual Studio 2.75% 1,322 Vim 2.65% 1,440 PyCharm 2.43% 1,425 GoLand 1.65% 1,128 Neovim 1.59% 1,049 Webstorm 1.55% 1,008 IPython/Jupyter 1.52% 952 Rider 1.5% 1,011 CLion 0.99% 669 Emacs 0.99% 667 Atom 0.85% 544 Sublime Text 0.82% 483 Eclipse 0.8% 496 PhpStorm 0.72% 478 Qt Creator 0.68% 472 Notepad++ 0.61% 313 RStudio 0.52% 356 RubyMine 0.39% 275 NetBeans 0.39% 262 Spyder 0.34% 232 Nano 0.26% 166 RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) 0.18% 123 TextMate 0.12% 84% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Notion is the most loved asynchronous collaboration tool and the third most wanted tool.
Jira and Confluence - the two most used tools by Professional Developers, are almost evenly split between being loved and dreaded. But Jira is the most wanted tool, followed by Trello, Notion, and Stack Overflow for Teams.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want48,310 responses
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Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
48,310responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
Jira Work Management 7.2% 1,734 Trello 4.77% 1,525 Notion 4.76% 1,839 Stack Overflow for Teams 3.75% 1,743 Confluence 2.83% 814 Asana 1.4% 620 Microsoft Planner 1.39% 642 monday.com 1.33% 619 ClickUp 1.16% 528 Airtable 0.95% 443 Microsoft Lists 0.79% 372 Adobe Workfront 0.59% 283 Smartsheet 0.29% 137 Workzone 0.22% 107 Swit 0.21% 100 Wrike 0.2% 94 DingTalk (Teambition) 0.16% 79 Cerri 0.13% 61 Wimi 0.12% 57 Leankor 0.12% 56 Planview Projectplace or Clarizen 0.11% 54% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Slack is the most loved synchronous collaboration tool and the most wanted tool. Zoom, one of the most used tools by Professional Developers, is almost evenly split between being loved and being dreaded.
Loved vs. Dreaded Want63,012 responses
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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
63,012responses
% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it
Slack 12.73% 3,637 Microsoft Teams 4.78% 1,286 Zoom 2.99% 803 Google Chat 2.04% 1,018 Mattermost 0.98% 589 Rocketchat 0.61% 378 Cisco Webex Teams 0.57% 325 Wire 0.3% 191 Symphony 0.22% 135 Wickr 0.17% 106 Unify Circuit 0.13% 80 RingCentral 0.12% 78 Coolfire Core 0.12% 77% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Technology
Worked with vs. want to work withDevelopers are naturally curious and interested in new technologies. We look at what technologies they are interested in trying based on what they are using now.
Similar to last year we see over 10k Javascript developers that want to start or continue developing in Go or Rust.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 69,362responses
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Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
51,756responses
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5,825responses
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Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Those learning to code that currently use MySQL are more likely to want to start or continue to use MongoDB over any other database.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 57,378responses
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Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
44,804responses
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3,753responses
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Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Similar to 2021, we see a large number of AWS developers wanting to develop in Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure next year.
Professional developers are curious about the other cloud platforms that they haven’t worked with before. Each platform offers something slightly different for developers, whether it’s features (e.g., advanced data analytics tools), scalability, pricing options, etc. that can make it appealing to build on.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 48,974responses
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39,114responses
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2,848responses
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Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
React.js developers are very interconnected with other frameworks and technologies, most notably Node.js.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 49,625responses
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38,332responses
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3,118responses
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NumPy and Pandas are the most interconnected other frameworks/libraries for all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 44,176responses
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33,591responses
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2,835responses
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Similar to 2021, we see a lot of people working with npm and Docker who also want to work with those same technologies.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 51,741responses
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Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
2,884responses
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Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
VS Code is the most interconnected IDE among all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.
People who are learning to code have more IDEs they want to work with - IPython/Jupyter, Eclipse, Atom - than Professional Developers.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 67,765responses
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50,803responses
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Jira and Confluence are most closely interconnected, which makes sense given they are under the same company.
We see interest in working with other asynchronous tools, likely because each of these tools serves a different purpose in a developer’s workflow.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 44,307responses
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Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
With Professional Developers, we see some interest in wanting to use other chat and video platforms than they are using now.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code 61,833responses
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Technology
Top paying technologiesClojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.
Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.
Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.
Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages Databases Platforms Web Frameworks Other Frameworks and Libraries Other Tools Integrated development environment37,960 responses
Clojure $106,644 681 Erlang $103,000 371 F# $95,526 426 LISP $95,000 366 Ruby $93,000 2,850 Elixir $92,959 995 Scala $92,780 1,135 Perl $90,073 894 Go $89,204 4,567 Rust $87,047 3,076 OCaml $86,948 132 Groovy $85,320 1,605 Crystal $84,690 162 Objective-C $83,165 990 Bash/Shell $81,666 11,913 Haskell $80,250 530 Fortran $80,000 292 Lua $79,568 1,130 Swift $78,468 1,902 PowerShell $78,084 4,934 Julia $77,966 426 APL $75,932 128 COBOL $75,592 210 Assembly $75,000 1,202 Python $71,105 16,288 Solidity $70,368 439 TypeScript $70,276 15,077 C# $69,516 11,121 Kotlin $69,318 3,413 SQL $69,108 20,150 C++ $68,000 6,332 R $67,734 1,414 C $67,186 4,988 JavaScript $65,580 25,147 Java $64,572 11,333 SAS $64,243 184 Delphi $63,984 1,161 HTML/CSS $63,984 20,231 VBA $62,328 1,652 MATLAB $57,588 1,039 PHP $50,496 7,475 Dart $43,724 1,989$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
33,325 responses
DynamoDB $94,244 3,516 Couchbase $90,000 424 Cassandra $81,049 905 Neo4j $80,000 675 Elasticsearch $78,916 5,167 Redis $76,783 8,808 IBM DB2 $74,826 720 CouchDB $72,112 430 PostgreSQL $70,385 16,017 Microsoft SQL Server $69,318 10,132 SQLite $63,986 9,801 Oracle $59,720 3,830 MongoDB $57,588 8,587 Cloud Firestore $56,221 2,121 MariaDB $55,455 5,783 MySQL $55,455 14,466 Firebase Realtime Database $42,657 2,365$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
28,873 responses
Colocation $111,196 364 AWS $81,387 16,808 IBM Cloud or Watson $75,504 371 Linode $74,651 1,057 Microsoft Azure $74,651 9,367 OpenStack $74,472 543 Google Cloud $73,140 7,460 DigitalOcean $67,055 4,648 VMware $65,000 2,104 Managed Hosting $61,428 1,643 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure $56,521 463 Heroku $53,322 4,632 OVH $53,322 1,044 Firebase $46,430 5,159$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
29,552 responses
Phoenix $94,644 761 Ruby on Rails $90,000 2,127 Play Framework $88,800 253 Deno $78,084 403 Gatsby $77,948 1,158 Svelte $71,202 1,160 ASP.NET Core $70,740 6,502 Blazor $70,385 1,485 React.js $69,480 13,026 FastAPI $69,345 1,772 Drupal $68,460 721 Flask $67,104 3,809 ASP.NET $65,776 4,938 Node.js $65,000 13,440 Angular.js $63,828 2,891 Next.js $62,820 3,911 Fastify $61,708 556 Angular $60,528 6,812 Vue.js $60,148 5,816 Django $60,000 3,763 Express $59,712 6,463 jQuery $57,000 8,490 Symfony $52,728 1,197 Nuxt.js $51,189 1,111 Laravel $38,388 2,770$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
24,234 responses
Apache Spark $87,948 1,317 Apache Kafka $83,182 3,173 Hadoop $76,000 827 Tidyverse $74,651 475 .NET $70,920 9,252 Hugging Face Transformers $70,920 411 Uno Platform $70,385 135 Pandas $67,409 5,303 NumPy $66,600 5,604 Torch/PyTorch $66,480 1,576 Spring $66,372 4,504 Electron $63,986 2,116 Qt $63,984 1,660 Scikit-learn $63,500 2,465 Xamarin $63,384 1,317 GTK $62,187 470 TensorFlow $60,000 2,387 Keras $54,840 1,284 React Native $54,000 3,048 Capacitor $53,322 645 Cordova $49,232 1,116 Ionic $48,876 1,352 Flutter $42,657 2,526$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
30,553 responses
Chef $120,000 503 Pulumi $111,504 320 Terraform $100,511 4,497 Puppet $95,979 602 Homebrew $87,907 9,320 Kubernetes $85,104 8,556 Ansible $83,232 3,461 Flow $78,177 202 Docker $74,340 21,989 Yarn $68,252 9,034 npm $64,333 19,714 Unreal Engine $63,460 800 Unity 3D $59,327 2,111$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
37,780 responses
TextMate $93,701 299 Emacs $93,039 1,674 RubyMine $87,284 615 GoLand $83,183 1,344 Neovim $80,204 2,252 Vim $79,983 9,165 Rider $77,740 2,086 CLion $75,384 1,324 Xcode $70,452 4,218 IntelliJ $68,252 10,284 IPython/Jupyter $67,308 3,457 RStudio $67,000 995 Visual Studio Code $65,332 27,681 Visual Studio $65,000 11,723 PyCharm $64,008 5,292 RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) $63,984 907 Webstorm $62,903 3,046 Notepad++ $61,853 10,176 Sublime Text $60,915 5,700 Nano $60,000 3,111 Qt Creator $57,588 818 Atom $55,558 2,665 Eclipse $51,360 3,970 Android Studio $50,256 6,340 PhpStorm $50,256 2,697 Spyder $44,796 557 NetBeans $31,992 1,498$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
On average, median salaries increased about 23% between 2021 and 2022. With Flow, COBOL, Couchbase, and IBM Cloud/Watson seeing the largest salary increases year over year.
Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages Databases Platforms Web Frameworks Other Frameworks and Libraries Other Tools Integrated development environment COBOL 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,340 230 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,592 210 Erlang 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,077 401 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $103,000 371 Assembly 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,211 1,651 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,000 1,202 Swift 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,910 2,472 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,468 1,902 LISP 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,669 516 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,000 366 Objective-C 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,859 1,437 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $83,165 990 Delphi 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $46,704 1,031 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 1,161 Scala 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,832 1,411 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $92,780 1,135 F# 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,037 502 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,526 426 Kotlin 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,071 3,935 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,318 3,413 C 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,184 6,925 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,186 4,988 C++ 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 8,465 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,000 6,332 Go 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,669 5,053 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $89,204 4,567 Haskell 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,021 708 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,250 530 Ruby 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 3,872 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,000 2,850 Elixir 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,077 1,013 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $92,959 995 SQL 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,228 23,791 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,108 20,150 Julia 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,228 475 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,966 426 Java 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 14,916 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,572 11,333 Crystal 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $72,400 243 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $84,690 162 Python 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 19,915 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,105 16,288 Clojure 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,000 1,074 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $106,644 681 PHP 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,916 10,014 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,496 7,475 JavaScript 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 31,506 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,580 25,147 C# 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,368 13,704 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,516 11,121 TypeScript 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,172 16,670 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,276 15,077 HTML/CSS 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,980 25,738 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 20,231 Dart 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $32,986 2,423 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $43,724 1,989 Bash/Shell 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,340 13,723 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,666 11,913 Groovy 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,002 1,747 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $85,320 1,605 Perl 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 1,227 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,073 894 Rust 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,530 2,938 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,047 3,076 PowerShell 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,824 5,483 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,084 4,934 VBA 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,825 2,202 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,328 1,652 R 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 2,050 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,734 1,414 APL 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,631 160 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,932 128$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Couchbase 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,018 704 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 424 Cassandra 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,930 1,180 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,049 905 DynamoDB 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,936 3,803 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $94,244 3,516 SQLite 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,704 12,496 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,986 9,801 Redis 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,548 10,453 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,783 8,808 MongoDB 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,401 11,150 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,588 8,587 MySQL 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $43,404 19,324 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,455 14,466 Elasticsearch 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,021 6,923 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,916 5,167 Microsoft SQL Server 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,167 12,692 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,318 10,132 Oracle 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $48,644 5,235 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,720 3,830 PostgreSQL 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 18,784 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,385 16,017 IBM DB2 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,044 945 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,826 720 MariaDB 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,678 7,200 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,455 5,783$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
IBM Cloud or Watson 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,942 637 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,504 371 DigitalOcean 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,704 6,028 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,055 4,648 AWS 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,810 20,108 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,387 16,808 Microsoft Azure 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,630 11,251 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,651 9,367 Heroku 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,000 6,588 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,322 4,632 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 462 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,521 463$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Gatsby 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,129 1,645 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,948 1,158 Drupal 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,429 961 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,460 721 FastAPI 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 1,492 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,345 1,772 Django 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,379 4,778 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,000 3,763 Angular.js 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,450 4,649 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,828 2,891 Ruby on Rails 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,556 3,220 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 2,127 Flask 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,876 5,349 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,104 3,809 Express 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $47,850 8,640 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,712 6,463 Angular 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $48,852 9,613 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,528 6,812 React.js 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,128 15,540 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,480 13,026 jQuery 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,797 12,808 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,000 8,490 Vue.js 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,000 7,598 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,148 5,816 ASP.NET Core 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,744 7,876 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,740 6,502 ASP.NET 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,220 6,584 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,776 4,938 Laravel 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $29,196 3,881 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,388 2,770 Svelte 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,520 1,011 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,202 1,160 Symfony 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 1,596 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,728 1,197$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Apache Spark 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,464 1,736 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,948 1,317 Hadoop 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,624 1,260 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,000 827 Torch/PyTorch 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,869 2,147 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,480 1,576 Pandas 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 6,841 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,409 5,303 NumPy 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 7,517 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,600 5,604 Qt 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 2,240 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 1,660 Flutter 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $32,429 3,224 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $42,657 2,526 Cordova 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $39,192 2,207 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,232 1,116 TensorFlow 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,000 3,660 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,000 2,387 React Native 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $44,160 4,162 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,000 3,048 Keras 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 2,165 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,840 1,284$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Chef 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 659 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $120,000 503 Flow 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,887 567 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,177 202 Puppet 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,000 883 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,979 602 Unreal Engine 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,228 880 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,460 800 Unity 3D 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 2,749 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,327 2,111 Ansible 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $72,000 3,983 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $83,232 3,461 Docker 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,469 24,507 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,340 21,989 Yarn 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,696 8,574 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,252 9,034 Kubernetes 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,000 8,804 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $85,104 8,556 Terraform 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,482 4,293 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $100,511 4,497 Pulumi 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $109,824 248 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $111,504 320$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
RubyMine 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,264 815 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,284 615 Sublime Text 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,401 8,684 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,915 5,700 Emacs 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,832 2,503 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,039 1,674 Xcode 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,680 5,605 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,452 4,218 IPython/Jupyter 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,942 4,742 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,308 3,457 TextMate 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 394 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,701 299 Webstorm 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,725 3,987 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,903 3,046 Neovim 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,052 2,076 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,204 2,252 PyCharm 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,228 7,323 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,008 5,292 RStudio 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,289 1,539 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,000 995 Vim 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,452 11,886 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $79,983 9,165 IntelliJ 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,427 12,977 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,252 10,284 Android Studio 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,508 9,012 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,256 6,340 Notepad++ 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,262 13,276 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $61,853 10,176 Visual Studio Code 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,000 32,733 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,332 27,681 Atom 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 4,571 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,558 2,665 Eclipse 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $41,508 6,171 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,360 3,970 Visual Studio 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,224 14,785 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,000 11,723 Rider 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,724 2,087 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,740 2,086 NetBeans 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $25,128 2,661 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $31,992 1,498$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Technology
Version ControlA new section for 2022, we ask about use of version control systems - both professionally and personally - as well as how people prefer to interact with it.
No other technology is as widely used as Git. Especially among Professional Developers. But for those learning to code, 17% still do not use a version control system.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code71,379 responses
Git 93.87% 67,006 SVN 5.18% 3,700 I don't use one 4.31% 3,080 Mercurial 1.13% 808% Percentages # Responses
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
53,374 responses
Git 96.65% 51,586 SVN 5.96% 3,183 I don't use one 1.38% 737 Mercurial 1.22% 653% Percentages # Responses
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
6,157 responses
Git 81.87% 5,041 I don't use one 17.18% 1,058 SVN 1.41% 87 Mercurial 0.45% 28% Percentages # Responses
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
The command line is the primary way developers interact with their version control system
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code68,156 responses
Command-line 83.57% 56,961 Code editor 54.49% 37,137 Version control hosting service web GUI 28.44% 19,382 Dedicated version control GUI application 26.37% 17,976% Percentages # Responses
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
52,556 responses
Command-line 84.58% 44,450 Code editor 54.38% 28,582 Version control hosting service web GUI 28.74% 15,104 Dedicated version control GUI application 27.46% 14,430% Percentages # Responses
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
5,054 responses
Command-line 77.48% 3,916 Code editor 57.58% 2,910 Version control hosting service web GUI 22.42% 1,133 Dedicated version control GUI application 20% 1,011% Percentages # Responses
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
GitHub is the most popular Version Control for both personal and professional use. GitLab, Bitbucket, and Azure Repos are more likely used for professional purposes instead of personal.
67,035 responses
GitHub Personal use 87.02% 58,336 Professional use 55.93% 37,491 GitLab Personal use 20.51% 13,749 Professional use 28.9% 19,370 Bitbucket Personal use 10.48% 7,026 Professional use 18.42% 12,350 Azure Repos Personal use 4.25% 2,847 Professional use 9.94% 6,661 Custom built solution Personal use 2.44% 1,636 Professional use 3.96% 2,656 AWS CodeCommit Personal use 1.29% 866 Professional use 2.7% 1,811 Cloud Source Repositories Personal use 0.47% 316 Professional use 0.67% 447% Percentages # Responses
What version control hosting service are you using?
Technology
Web3Developers are torn on blockchain, crypto, and decentralization. 32% are at least favorable, 31% are unfavorable and 26% are indifferent.
While those learning to code are more favorable than Professional Developers, more of them are also unsure.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code73,268 responses
Very favorable 10.99% 7,809 Favorable 20.58% 14,629 Indifferent 25.79% 18,331 Unfavorable 14.84% 10,549 Very unfavorable 16.36% 11,625 Unsure 11.44% 8,128% Percentages # Responses
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
53,507 responses
Very favorable 11.04% 5,861 Favorable 20.23% 10,741 Indifferent 26.06% 13,837 Unfavorable 15.12% 8,029 Very unfavorable 17.17% 9,116 Unsure 10.38% 5,511% Percentages # Responses
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
6,309 responses
Very favorable 13.83% 850 Favorable 25.24% 1,552 Indifferent 22.87% 1,406 Unfavorable 11.78% 724 Very unfavorable 8.08% 497 Unsure 18.2% 1,119% Percentages # Responses
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
WorkWork
EmploymentFull-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).
In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.
All Respondents Professional Developers71,709 responses
Employed, full-time 68.61% 49,199 Student, full-time 15.24% 10,932 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 14.95% 10,721 Employed, part-time 5.79% 4,154 Student, part-time 5.19% 3,722 Not employed, but looking for work 4.71% 3,381 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.73% 1,244 I prefer not to say 0.85% 611 Retired 0.55% 396% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
53,491 responses
Employed, full-time 80.76% 43,199 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 16.6% 8,882 Student, full-time 6.78% 3,629 Employed, part-time 5.84% 3,123 Student, part-time 4.06% 2,174 Not employed, but looking for work 2.28% 1,221 Not employed, and not looking for work 0.45% 240 I prefer not to say 0.24% 128 Retired 0.19% 102% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
Full-time employment has gone down in the top 5 countries while Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed has gone up.
United States India Germany United Kingdom Canada15,197 responses
Employed, full-time 69.07% 10,497 Student, full-time 10.3% 1,565 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 8.96% 1,361 Not employed, but looking for work 2.99% 455 Employed, part-time 2.73% 415 Student, part-time 2.43% 369 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.66% 253 Retired 1.03% 157 I prefer not to say 0.82% 125% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
7,670 responses
Employed, full-time 56.99% 4,371 Student, full-time 17.28% 1,325 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 9.66% 741 Not employed, but looking for work 5.87% 450 Student, part-time 5.02% 385 Employed, part-time 2.87% 220 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.34% 103 I prefer not to say 0.94% 72 Retired 0.04% 3% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
6,360 responses
Employed, full-time 55.68% 3,541 Student, full-time 15.52% 987 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 10.24% 651 Employed, part-time 9.95% 633 Student, part-time 5.24% 333 Not employed, but looking for work 1.38% 88 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.12% 71 I prefer not to say 0.61% 39 Retired 0.27% 17% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
4,563 responses
Employed, full-time 68.64% 3,132 Student, full-time 11.53% 526 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 10.48% 478 Employed, part-time 2.74% 125 Not employed, but looking for work 2.06% 94 Student, part-time 1.69% 77 Retired 1.16% 53 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.14% 52 I prefer not to say 0.57% 26% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
2,884 responses
Employed, full-time 62.76% 1,810 Student, full-time 13.14% 379 Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 12.31% 355 Employed, part-time 3.57% 103 Not employed, but looking for work 2.88% 83 Student, part-time 2.53% 73 Not employed, and not looking for work 1.28% 37 I prefer not to say 0.8% 23 Retired 0.73% 21% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.
Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.
The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.
All Respondents By Organization Size58,958 responses
Fully remote 42.98% 25,341 Hybrid (some remote, some in-person) 42.44% 25,021 Full in-person 14.58% 8,596% Percentages # Responses
Which best describes your current work situation?
50,782 responses
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Which best describes your current work situation?
Work
Company info53% of respondents work for an organization that has more than 100 employees.
46,538 responses
Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. 5.32% 2,474 2 to 9 employees 9.8% 4,563 10 to 19 employees 8.67% 4,035 20 to 99 employees 20.8% 9,682 100 to 499 employees 18.33% 8,531 500 to 999 employees 7.02% 3,266 1,000 to 4,999 employees 10.91% 5,076 5,000 to 9,999 employees 4.13% 1,920 10,000 or more employees 13.15% 6,122 I don’t know 1.87% 869% Percentages # Responses
Approximately how many people are employed by the company or organization you currently work for?
Work
SalarySenior roles like executives and engineering managers tend to have the highest salaries.
But in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Canada we see that Blockchain developers have comparable salaries even though they have the lowest average years of experience.
All Respondents United States India Germany United Kingdom Canada 37,546responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $117,126 1,061 Engineering manager $111,976 2,434 Engineer, site reliability $95,979 1,330 Security professional $91,416 1,141 Cloud infrastructure engineer $89,580 3,788 Blockchain $79,983 701 Engineer, data $79,983 2,343 DevOps specialist $79,236 4,363 Marketing or sales professional $78,180 217 Product manager $76,783 1,460 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $74,651 1,997 Scientist $72,075 938 Data or business analyst $69,102 1,940 Developer, back-end $68,355 17,677 Developer, embedded applications or devices $68,254 2,422 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $67,128 6,064 Database administrator $66,600 3,147 Project manager $66,540 2,311 Developer, full-stack $66,372 18,817 Developer, QA or test $66,372 1,987 System administrator $65,000 2,975 Developer, game or graphics $63,986 966 Designer $62,820 2,005 Educator $62,467 1,140 Developer, front-end $60,000 9,915 Developer, mobile $56,220.5 4,512 Academic researcher $55,455 1,199 Student $21,768 525$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
8,540responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $200,000 322 Engineering manager $180,000 754 Blockchain $177,500 120 Engineer, site reliability $175,500 422 Cloud infrastructure engineer $170,000 1,018 Security professional $156,277.5 358 Product manager $155,000 322 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $150,000 468 Developer, back-end $150,000 3,705 DevOps specialist $150,000 1,026 Engineer, data $150,000 632 Developer, mobile $144,000 763 Developer, embedded applications or devices $140,000 558 Developer, full-stack $140,000 4,429 Developer, game or graphics $140,000 192 Project manager $140,000 461 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $133,000 1,341 Developer, front-end $133,000 2,011 Database administrator $130,000 774 Educator $130,000 209 Marketing or sales professional $130,000 86 Scientist $130,000 285 System administrator $126,500 720 Designer $126,000 523 Data or business analyst $125,000 498 Developer, QA or test $120,000 506 Academic researcher $110,000 241 Student $100,000 61$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,150responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Engineering manager $51,589 89 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $49,009.5 36 Marketing or sales professional $45,138.5 6 Cloud infrastructure engineer $32,243 154 Engineer, site reliability $32,243 45 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $30,953 109 Engineer, data $29,664 107 DevOps specialist $28,374 142 Educator $24,730.5 48 Product manager $24,698 65 Security professional $23,215 29 Developer, game or graphics $22,959 26 Project manager $22,570 98 Developer, back-end $20,636 1,019 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $20,636 242 Developer, embedded applications or devices $20,636 79 Scientist $20,509 12 Blockchain $18,056 59 Developer, full-stack $18,050 1,055 Academic researcher $15,480 33 Data or business analyst $15,480 89 Developer, QA or test $15,480 100 Developer, front-end $15,477 651 Developer, mobile $15,477 332 System administrator $15,156 64 Database administrator $14,484 105 Designer $12,897 96 Student $12,252 40$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,879responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $97,045.5 74 Engineering manager $95,979 150 Engineer, site reliability $83,182 101 Blockchain $79,983 25 Cloud infrastructure engineer $76,788 308 Engineer, data $76,783 177 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $74,651 171 Product manager $74,651 130 DevOps specialist $72,983 449 Data or business analyst $71,684 116 Security professional $70,385 102 Developer, back-end $70,380 1,355 Project manager $70,380 240 Database administrator $69,318 244 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $69,318 587 Educator $69,318 124 Developer, embedded applications or devices $67,825 249 Developer, mobile $67,186 308 Developer, full-stack $66,708 1,443 Developer, QA or test $66,652.5 178 Developer, front-end $63,986 755 Scientist $63,984 116 System administrator $63,984 300 Academic researcher $60,787 163 Marketing or sales professional $59,066 12 Developer, game or graphics $58,707.5 80 Designer $58,654 154 Student $27,192 40$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,600responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Engineering manager $119,357 193 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $119,357 68 Blockchain $113,075 28 Engineer, site reliability $106,793 95 Cloud infrastructure engineer $100,511 287 Engineer, data $100,511 167 Security professional $100,511 74 DevOps specialist $90,460 257 Project manager $90,458 96 Product manager $89,202 80 Developer, back-end $87,948 1,157 Developer, mobile $87,948 217 Marketing or sales professional $84,806.5 10 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $81,666 140 Developer, full-stack $77,896 1,277 Developer, game or graphics $75,400 61 Data or business analyst $75,384 132 Database administrator $75,384 213 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $75,384 400 Developer, front-end $75,384 552 Developer, QA or test $75,384 125 Educator $75,384 54 System administrator $75,384 191 Scientist $74,755.5 50 Developer, embedded applications or devices $74,127 135 Designer $70,358 147 Academic researcher $62,820 58 Student $32,666 19$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
1,458responses
Median yearly salary in USD
Blockchain $179,593.5 22 Engineer, site reliability $128,839 48 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $121,030 43 Engineering manager $119,472 115 Student $116,850.5 8 Data scientist or machine learning specialist $107,366 80 Cloud infrastructure engineer $105,414 178 Security professional $105,414 55 Engineer, data $102,290 92 Developer, back-end $93,701 660 Developer, embedded applications or devices $93,701 94 Developer, mobile $93,701 142 DevOps specialist $93,701 179 Product manager $93,701 67 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $92,236.5 232 Developer, front-end $89,797 370 Developer, game or graphics $88,469 63 Developer, full-stack $88,157 774 Project manager $87,845 88 Marketing or sales professional $87,454.5 10 Data or business analyst $85,893 85 Designer $85,893 90 Educator $83,550 47 Developer, QA or test $80,427 91 Database administrator $78,084 115 System administrator $78,084 94 Academic researcher $62,467 30 Scientist $62,467 33$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Years of experience and a higher salary go hand in hand. The three highest-paid roles have, on average, more than 11 years of experience.
36,056 responses
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Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
PHP developers continue to be disproportionately underpaid compared to other languages with the same experience.
35,965 responses
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Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Work
Purchasing technology66% of Professional Developers have at least some influence over their organization’s purchases of new technologies. This is up from 56% in 2020 when we last asked this question.
Unsurprisingly, senior-level positions have the greatest amount of influence when purchasing new technologies. But with the exception of students, at least 60% of all developer types have at least some influence on purchasing.
All Respondents By Developer Type50,969 responses
I have little or no influence 34.03% 17,345 I have some influence 43.15% 21,991 I have a great deal of influence 22.82% 11,633% Percentages # Responses
What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?
50,050 responses
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What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?
Starting a free trial is the most common way to evaluate new tools. But this is down from 77% in 2020. The other two most common ways of researching new tools are asking a colleague/friend and visiting developer communities like Stack Overflow.
For Desktop or Enterprise application developers, they are equally likely to ask a colleague/friend and visit developer communities when they are researching tools.
All Respondents By Developer Type67,963 responses
Start a free trial 71.88% 48,849 Ask developers I know/work with 67.08% 45,588 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 62.92% 42,762 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 29.77% 20,235 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 13.44% 9,136 Research companies that have emailed me 5.4% 3,667% Percentages # Responses
When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.
56,755 responses
Academic researcher Start a free trial 66.98% 1,661 Ask developers I know/work with 69.96% 1,735 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 65.04% 1,613 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 28.91% 717 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.8% 367 Research companies that have emailed me 8.39% 208 Blockchain Start a free trial 75.2% 934 Ask developers I know/work with 71.1% 883 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.41% 800 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.82% 420 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.37% 253 Research companies that have emailed me 11.67% 145 Cloud infrastructure engineer Start a free trial 79.36% 4,044 Ask developers I know/work with 77.1% 3,929 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.33% 3,380 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.28% 1,696 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.56% 946 Research companies that have emailed me 8.46% 431 Data or business analyst Start a free trial 78.42% 2,405 Ask developers I know/work with 67.98% 2,085 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.49% 2,162 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.14% 1,139 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 21.81% 669 Research companies that have emailed me 11.44% 351 Data scientist or machine learning specialist Start a free trial 72.42% 2,327 Ask developers I know/work with 71.62% 2,301 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.57% 2,171 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.84% 1,023 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.46% 529 Research companies that have emailed me 10.05% 323 Database administrator Start a free trial 79.95% 3,808 Ask developers I know/work with 68.53% 3,264 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.23% 3,345 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 36.7% 1,748 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.69% 938 Research companies that have emailed me 9.41% 448 Designer Start a free trial 78.7% 2,842 Ask developers I know/work with 67.43% 2,435 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.65% 2,515 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.8% 1,365 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.66% 710 Research companies that have emailed me 9.22% 333 Developer, back-end Start a free trial 76.92% 19,409 Ask developers I know/work with 74.65% 18,837 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.18% 16,700 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 30.51% 7,699 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.34% 3,618 Research companies that have emailed me 5.79% 1,460 Developer, desktop or enterprise applications Start a free trial 78.66% 7,194 Ask developers I know/work with 71.58% 6,547 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.1% 6,411 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.14% 3,031 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.62% 1,520 Research companies that have emailed me 7.23% 661 Developer, embedded applications or devices Start a free trial 75.82% 2,807 Ask developers I know/work with 74.42% 2,755 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.77% 2,583 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 32.12% 1,189 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 17.37% 643 Research companies that have emailed me 9.08% 336 Developer, front-end Start a free trial 77.54% 11,754 Ask developers I know/work with 72.61% 11,006 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.51% 10,081 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.03% 5,006 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 15.8% 2,395 Research companies that have emailed me 6.6% 1,000 Developer, full-stack Start a free trial 77.37% 21,210 Ask developers I know/work with 72.13% 19,775 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.34% 18,186 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.9% 8,745 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.98% 4,108 Research companies that have emailed me 5.81% 1,594 Developer, game or graphics Start a free trial 74.09% 1,284 Ask developers I know/work with 69.3% 1,201 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.92% 1,125 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.05% 590 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.06% 313 Research companies that have emailed me 9.87% 171 Developer, mobile Start a free trial 77.48% 5,665 Ask developers I know/work with 70.1% 5,126 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.68% 4,876 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 32.8% 2,398 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.84% 1,231 Research companies that have emailed me 7.77% 568 Developer, QA or test Start a free trial 79.44% 2,361 Ask developers I know/work with 76.21% 2,265 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 71.5% 2,125 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 39% 1,159 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.99% 594 Research companies that have emailed me 10.4% 309 DevOps specialist Start a free trial 79.49% 4,727 Ask developers I know/work with 76.95% 4,576 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.9% 4,038 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.39% 2,045 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.01% 1,071 Research companies that have emailed me 8% 476 Educator Start a free trial 75.72% 1,503 Ask developers I know/work with 72.75% 1,444 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.15% 1,313 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 36.78% 730 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.15% 400 Research companies that have emailed me 10.78% 214 Engineer, data Start a free trial 76.26% 2,618 Ask developers I know/work with 74.57% 2,560 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.61% 2,321 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.47% 1,149 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.28% 662 Research companies that have emailed me 9.79% 336 Engineer, site reliability Start a free trial 77.4% 1,449 Ask developers I know/work with 76.87% 1,439 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.35% 1,242 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 35.84% 671 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 22.7% 425 Research companies that have emailed me 11.91% 223 Engineering manager Start a free trial 82.77% 2,873 Ask developers I know/work with 78.94% 2,740 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 61.45% 2,133 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.92% 1,212 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.85% 689 Research companies that have emailed me 10.57% 367 Marketing or sales professional Start a free trial 80.04% 397 Ask developers I know/work with 63.1% 313 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.52% 320 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 46.17% 229 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 31.85% 158 Research companies that have emailed me 20.36% 101 Product manager Start a free trial 83.29% 2,033 Ask developers I know/work with 69.52% 1,697 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 65.75% 1,605 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.36% 912 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 22.53% 550 Research companies that have emailed me 11.1% 271 Project manager Start a free trial 81.29% 3,077 Ask developers I know/work with 70.17% 2,656 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.11% 2,540 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.38% 1,415 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 21% 795 Research companies that have emailed me 10.15% 384 Scientist Start a free trial 69.02% 1,123 Ask developers I know/work with 73.33% 1,193 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.81% 1,087 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.96% 520 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.78% 273 Research companies that have emailed me 9.22% 150 Security professional Start a free trial 79.05% 1,438 Ask developers I know/work with 74.66% 1,358 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.65% 1,176 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 35.84% 652 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.67% 376 Research companies that have emailed me 12.75% 232 Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) Start a free trial 84.19% 1,486 Ask developers I know/work with 73.54% 1,298 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.99% 1,147 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 39.94% 705 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 24.76% 437 Research companies that have emailed me 13.99% 247 Student Start a free trial 66.58% 3,434 Ask developers I know/work with 64.37% 3,320 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 68.17% 3,516 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.87% 1,747 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.06% 725 Research companies that have emailed me 6.51% 336 System administrator Start a free trial 77.86% 3,650 Ask developers I know/work with 67.94% 3,185 Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.22% 3,245 Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.14% 1,741 Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.9% 933 Research companies that have emailed me 9.58% 449% Percentages # Responses
When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.
Work
Coding outside of work88% of Professional Developers code outside of work, with 73% of them coding as a hobby.
58,899 responses
Hobby 72.87% 42,922 Contribute to open-source projects 26.11% 15,378 Freelance/contract work 22.59% 13,305 School or academic work 14.54% 8,561 Bootstrapping a business 14.26% 8,401 I don’t code outside of work 12.41% 7,311% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the code you write outside of work? Select all that apply.
Professional DevelopersWe asked Professional Developers to tell us about what impacts their productivity at work, how often it happens, and how much time that takes out of their day. We also asked them about the developer experience at work - do they have the processes, tools, and programs to make it easier to do their jobs.
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts72% of all respondents were eligible to participate in our Professional Developer section. Of those eligible, 70% agreed to participate, resulting in over 36,000 responses.
73,268 responses
Yes 50.77% 37,200 Not Eligible 28.11% 20,598 No 21.11% 15,470% Percentages # Responses
Would you like to participate in the Professional Developer Series?
The vast majority of respondents are independent (or individual) contributors.
36,283 responses
Independent contributor 84.31% 30,592 People manager 15.69% 5,691% Percentages # Responses
Are you an independent contributor or people manager?
56% of respondents are in their first 10 years of professional work experience.
While it is possible for developers to become people managers in the first 4 years, we see that it is much more likely after the 5 year mark.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager36,437 responses
1 to 4 years 29.05% 10,681 5 to 9 years 27.75% 10,202 10 to 14 years 16.99% 6,248 15 to 19 years 9.74% 3,580 20 to 24 years 7.22% 2,656 25 to 29 years 3.86% 1,420 30 to 34 years 2.2% 809 35 to 39 years 1.18% 434 40 to 44 years 0.73% 269 45 to 49 years 0.2% 72 50 years or more 0.18% 66% Percentages # Responses
How many years of working experience do you have?
29,980 responses
1 to 4 years 31.45% 9,523 5 to 9 years 28.37% 8,588 10 to 14 years 16.15% 4,890 15 to 19 years 9.02% 2,731 20 to 24 years 6.39% 1,936 25 to 29 years 3.42% 1,036 30 to 34 years 2.04% 617 35 to 39 years 1.09% 331 40 to 44 years 0.71% 214 45 to 49 years 0.19% 57 50 years or more 0.19% 57% Percentages # Responses
How many years of working experience do you have?
5,631 responses
1 to 4 years 16.14% 913 5 to 9 years 24.85% 1,406 10 to 14 years 22.06% 1,248 15 to 19 years 13.63% 771 20 to 24 years 11.61% 657 25 to 29 years 5.89% 333 30 to 34 years 2.83% 160 35 to 39 years 1.43% 81 40 to 44 years 0.71% 40 45 to 49 years 0.25% 14 50 years or more 0.14% 8% Percentages # Responses
How many years of working experience do you have?
Nearly half of all respondents report that knowledge silos prevent them from getting ideas from across the organization and that waiting for answers to questions often causes interruptions and disrupts their workflow - with little difference between ICs and People Managers.
57% of People Managers report that they find themselves answering questions that they’ve answered before.
About a quarter of all respondents say they can’t find up-to-date information within their organization to help them do their job and they aren’t able to quickly find answers to their questions with existing tools and resources.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager35,886 responses
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Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
29,607 responses
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Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
5,536 responses
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Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
68% of respondents say they encounter a knowledge silo at least once a week.
For People Managers, 73% report encountering a knowledge silo at least once a week.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager35,499 responses
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How frequently do you experience each of the following?
29,306 responses
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How frequently do you experience each of the following?
5,489 responses
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How frequently do you experience each of the following?
62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.
25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager36,198 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 9.75% 3,528 15-30 minutes a day 27.96% 10,122 30-60 minutes a day 37.71% 13,652 60-120 minutes a day 17.6% 6,371 Over 120 minutes a day 6.98% 2,525% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
29,848 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 9.38% 2,799 15-30 minutes a day 27.58% 8,231 30-60 minutes a day 37.94% 11,325 60-120 minutes a day 17.97% 5,365 Over 120 minutes a day 7.13% 2,128% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
5,576 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 11.66% 650 15-30 minutes a day 30.09% 1,678 30-60 minutes a day 36.62% 2,042 60-120 minutes a day 15.55% 867 Over 120 minutes a day 6.08% 339% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
46% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day answering questions.
32% of people managers spend over an hour each day just answering questions, while only 14% of independent contributors spend over an hour answering questions.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent answering questions adds up to between 278-568 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager36,022 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 20.88% 7,522 15-30 minutes a day 32.95% 11,871 30-60 minutes a day 29.75% 10,718 60-120 minutes a day 12.18% 4,388 Over 120 minutes a day 4.23% 1,523% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
29,702 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 22.7% 6,742 15-30 minutes a day 34.68% 10,300 30-60 minutes a day 28.82% 8,561 60-120 minutes a day 10.4% 3,090 Over 120 minutes a day 3.4% 1,009% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
5,562 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 10.68% 594 15-30 minutes a day 23.5% 1,307 30-60 minutes a day 34.79% 1,935 60-120 minutes a day 22.08% 1,228 Over 120 minutes a day 8.95% 498% Percentages # Responses
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
Over 48% of respondents regardless of function, think onboarding takes a very long time or a somewhat long time at their organization.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager35,679 responses
Very short 3.94% 1,406 Somewhat short 12.43% 4,434 Just right 35.11% 12,526 Somewhat long 36.33% 12,961 Very long 12.2% 4,352% Percentages # Responses
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
29,417 responses
Very short 4% 1,178 Somewhat short 12.33% 3,628 Just right 35.47% 10,435 Somewhat long 36.03% 10,598 Very long 12.16% 3,578% Percentages # Responses
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
5,561 responses
Very short 3.52% 196 Somewhat short 12.89% 717 Just right 33.23% 1,848 Somewhat long 38.16% 2,122 Very long 12.19% 678% Percentages # Responses
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
While independent contributors are not directly managing others, 62% of them are involved in supporting new hires.
78% of respondents say their employer gives them time to learn and 64% use learning resources provided by their employer.
Professional Developers
Developer ExperienceMost Professional Developers report having CI/CD, DevOps, and Automated Testing available at their organization.
Only 38% report having a developer portal to make it easy to find tools and services.
Only 16% of organizations have Innersource initiatives.
34,906 responses
Continuous integration (CI) and (more often) continuous delivery 69.79% 24,361 DevOps function 59.35% 20,716 Automated testing 58.09% 20,278 Microservices 48.97% 17,094 Developer portal or other central places to find tools/services 38.18% 13,327 Observability tools 37.07% 12,941 Innersource initiative 16.31% 5,692 None of these 13.63% 4,757% Percentages # Responses
My company has:
MethodologyHow we planned and analyzed our survey
Methodology
GeneralThis report is based on a survey of 73,268 software developers from 180 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on time spent on the full, completed survey; another approximately 53 responses were submitted but not included in the analysis because respondents spent less than three minutes on the survey.
The survey was fielded from May 11, 2022 to June 1, 2022.
The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was 15.08 minutes. An increase we expected this year because of additional questions asked.
Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email lists, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of the collection promotion.
As an incentive, respondents who finished the survey could opt in to a “Census” badge if they completed the survey.
Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was, unfortunately, inaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third-party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.
Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.
We asked respondents about their salaries. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked the respondents what their salary was in that currency and whether that salary was weekly, monthly, or yearly.
The salary question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 38,071 respondents who gave us salary data.
We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on May 24, 2022 and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.
The top approximately 2% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US were different.
To identify which technologies to include in the survey this year, we looked at both the most popular and fastest-growing tags on Stack Overflow (in terms of questions posted). We compared these to the technologies we included last year and looked at how many people chose each option. We synthesized all this together to curate a collection of technologies to include.
The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order. Also, the answers to most questions were randomized in order.
Free form text responses are primarily used to influence future survey choices but are not included in the published results.
Methodology
FeedbackThe majority of respondents felt like this year’s survey was an appropriate length.
70,444 responses
Appropriate in length 76.49% 53,883 Too long 20.57% 14,491 Too short 2.94% 2,070% Percentages # Responses
How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?
Less than one percent of respondents felt like this year’s survey was difficult.
70,508 responses
Easy 67.92% 47,886 Neither easy nor difficult 30.67% 21,627 Difficult 1.41% 995% Percentages # Responses
How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?
Methodology
ParticipantsSimilar to previous years the overwhelming majority of respondents are a developer by profession.
73,268 responses
I am a developer by profession 73.03% 53,507 I am learning to code 8.61% 6,309 I am not primarily a developer, but I write code sometimes as part of my work 7.91% 5,794 I code primarily as a hobby 6.64% 4,865 None of these 2.04% 1,497 I used to be a developer by profession, but no longer am 1.77% 1,296% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following options best describes you today? Here, by "developer" we mean "someone who writes code." *
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