print
prints its argument and returns it invisibly (via invisible(x)
). It is a generic function which means that new printing methods can be easily added for new class
es.
print(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'factor'
print(x, quote = FALSE, max.levels = NULL,
width = getOption("width"), ...)
## S3 method for class 'table'
print(x, digits = getOption("digits"), quote = FALSE,
na.print = "", zero.print = "0",
right = is.numeric(x) || is.complex(x),
justify = "none", ...)
## S3 method for class 'function'
print(x, useSource = TRUE, ...)
Arguments x
an object used to select a method.
...
further arguments passed to or from other methods.
quote
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be printed with surrounding quotes.
max.levels
integer, indicating how many levels should be printed for a factor; if 0
, no extra "Levels" line will be printed. The default, NULL
, entails choosing max.levels
such that the levels print on one line of width width
.
width
only used when max.levels
is NULL, see above.
digits
minimal number of significant digits, see print.default
.
na.print
character string (or NULL
) indicating NA
values in printed output, see print.default
.
zero.print
character specifying how zeros (0
) should be printed; for sparse tables, using "."
can produce more readable results, similar to printing sparse matrices in Matrix.
right
logical, indicating whether or not strings should be right aligned.
justify
character indicating if strings should left- or right-justified or left alone, passed to format
.
useSource
logical indicating if internally stored source should be used for printing when present, e.g., if options(keep.source = TRUE)
has been in use.
The default method, print.default
has its own help page. Use methods("print")
to get all the methods for the print
generic.
print.factor
allows some customization and is used for printing ordered
factors as well.
print.table
for printing table
s allows other customization. As of R 3.0.0, it only prints a description in case of a table with 0-extents (this can happen if a classifier has no valid data).
See noquote
as an example of a class whose main purpose is a specific print
method.
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
See AlsoThe default method print.default
, and help for the methods above; further options
, noquote
.
For more customizable (but cumbersome) printing, see cat
, format
or also write
. For a simple prototypical print method, see .print.via.format
in package tools.
require(stats)
ts(1:20) #-- print is the "Default function" --> print.ts(.) is called
for(i in 1:3) print(1:i)
## Printing of factors
attenu$station ## 117 levels -> 'max.levels' depending on width
## ordered factors: levels "l1 < l2 < .."
esoph$agegp[1:12]
esoph$alcgp[1:12]
## Printing of sparse (contingency) tables
set.seed(521)
t1 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.8)))
t2 <- round(abs(rt(200, df = 1.4)))
table(t1, t2) # simple
print(table(t1, t2), zero.print = ".") # nicer to read
## same for non-integer "table":
T <- table(t2,t1)
T <- T * (1+round(rlnorm(length(T)))/4)
print(T, zero.print = ".") # quite nicer,
print.table(T[,2:8] * 1e9, digits=3, zero.print = ".")
## still slightly inferior to Matrix::Matrix(T) for larger T
## Corner cases with empty extents:
table(1, NA) # < table of extent 1 x 0 >
[Package
baseversion 4.6.0
Index]
RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue
Search and Browse the WWW like it's 1997 | Search results from DuckDuckGo
HTML:
3.2
| Encoding:
UTF-8
| Version:
0.7.4