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Esophageal Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

Statistics at a Glance At a Glance

Estimated New Cases in 2025 22,070

% of All New Cancer Cases 1.1%

Estimated Deaths in 2025 16,250

% of All Cancer Deaths 2.6%

5-Year
Relative Survival

21.9% 2015–2021 Year Rate of New Cases — SEER 8 Rate of New Cases — SEER 12 Death Rate — U.S. 5-Year Relative Survival — SEER 8 Observed Modeled Trend Observed Modeled Trend Observed Modeled Trend Observed Modeled Trend 1975 3.74 3.80 - - 3.70 3.67 3.95% 4.25% 1976 4.00 3.83 - - 3.74 3.70 4.51% 4.56% 1977 3.78 3.86 - - 3.70 3.73 6.63% 4.89% 1978 3.93 3.89 - - 3.78 3.75 4.69% 5.24% 1979 4.18 3.93 - - 3.76 3.78 5.16% 5.60% 1980 3.93 3.96 - - 3.85 3.81 5.45% 5.98% 1981 3.64 3.99 - - 3.83 3.84 7.70% 6.38% 1982 3.96 4.02 - - 3.84 3.86 7.76% 6.79% 1983 3.90 4.06 - - 3.85 3.89 6.42% 7.21% 1984 4.01 4.09 - - 3.93 3.92 8.92% 7.66% 1985 4.09 4.12 - - 3.86 3.95 7.67% 8.12% 1986 4.42 4.16 - - 3.94 3.98 9.89% 8.59% 1987 4.33 4.19 - - 3.97 4.00 9.13% 9.09% 1988 4.22 4.23 - - 4.04 4.03 9.38% 9.59% 1989 4.14 4.26 - - 4.11 4.06 9.82% 10.12% 1990 4.54 4.30 - - 4.10 4.09 9.72% 10.66% 1991 4.39 4.33 - - 4.13 4.12 12.72% 11.21% 1992 4.38 4.37 4.28 4.22 4.17 4.15 15.40% 11.78% 1993 4.26 4.40 4.32 4.26 4.19 4.18 11.75% 12.37% 1994 4.29 4.44 4.11 4.30 4.27 4.21 13.20% 12.97% 1995 4.24 4.48 4.29 4.33 4.26 4.24 11.52% 13.58% 1996 4.67 4.51 4.50 4.37 4.30 4.27 15.28% 14.21% 1997 4.57 4.55 4.39 4.41 4.25 4.30 12.94% 14.86% 1998 4.57 4.59 4.39 4.46 4.36 4.34 12.60% 15.51% 1999 4.88 4.63 4.66 4.50 4.35 4.37 17.84% 16.18% 2000 4.58 4.66 4.33 4.46 4.39 4.40 20.12% 16.87% 2001 4.76 4.70 4.57 4.43 4.43 4.43 18.17% 17.56% 2002 4.46 4.68 4.22 4.40 4.41 4.42 16.97% 17.94% 2003 4.48 4.65 4.24 4.36 4.38 4.41 16.05% 18.32% 2004 5.21 4.62 4.86 4.33 4.36 4.40 20.88% 18.71% 2005 4.52 4.60 4.22 4.30 4.44 4.39 18.99% 19.10% 2006 4.64 4.57 4.22 4.26 4.41 4.38 19.89% 19.49% 2007 4.60 4.54 4.21 4.23 4.27 4.33 22.25% 19.89% 2008 4.56 4.52 4.22 4.20 4.22 4.28 18.43% 20.28% 2009 4.45 4.49 4.28 4.17 4.17 4.24 20.41% 20.69% 2010 4.30 4.47 4.05 4.14 4.26 4.19 23.11% 21.09% 2011 4.42 4.44 4.13 4.11 4.16 4.14 18.89% 21.50% 2012 4.35 4.42 3.97 4.08 4.12 4.10 20.61% 21.91% 2013 4.18 4.39 3.87 4.05 4.05 4.06 22.61% 22.32% 2014 4.18 4.37 3.87 4.01 4.02 4.01 21.98% 22.74% 2015 4.39 4.34 3.96 3.98 4.01 3.97 22.96% 23.15% 2016 4.19 4.32 3.82 3.95 3.99 3.93 24.70% 23.57% 2017 4.41 4.29 3.96 3.92 3.87 3.88 24.11% 23.99% 2018 4.17 4.27 3.78 3.90 3.81 3.84 - 24.42% 2019 4.20 4.24 3.89 3.87 3.88 3.80 - 24.85% 2020 3.99 4.22 3.64 3.84 3.72 3.76 - 25.28% 2021 4.41 4.19 3.99 3.81 3.69 3.72 - 25.71% 2022 4.26 4.17 3.90 3.78 3.68 3.68 - 26.14% 2023 - - - - 3.62 3.64 - 26.57%

New cases are also referred to as incident cases in other publications. Rates of new cases are also referred to as incidence rates.

Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018–2022 cases and 2019–2023 deaths.

Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer: Approximately 0.5 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with esophageal cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018–2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID.

Prevalence of This Cancer: In 2022, there were an estimated 53,795 people living with esophageal cancer in the United States.

Did You Know? Video Series

YouTube embedded video: //www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/s1-IXtL80mc?rel=0

Survival Statistics How Many People Survive 5 Years Or More after Being Diagnosed with Esophageal Cancer?

Relative survival is an estimate of the percentage of patients who would be expected to survive the effects of their cancer. It excludes the risk of dying from other causes. Because survival statistics are based on large groups of people, they cannot be used to predict exactly what will happen to an individual patient. No two patients are entirely alike, and treatment and responses to treatment can vary greatly.

5-Year
Relative Survival

21.9% Survival by Stage

Cancer stage at diagnosis, which refers to extent of a cancer in the body, determines treatment options and has a strong influence on the length of survival. In general, if the cancer is found only in the part of the body where it started it is localized (sometimes referred to as stage 1). If it has spread to a different part of the body, the stage is regional or distant. The earlier esophageal cancer is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed. For esophageal cancer, 18.6% are diagnosed at the local stage. The 5-year relative survival for localized esophageal cancer is 48.7%.

Percent of Cases & 5-Year Relative Survival by Stage at Diagnosis: Esophageal Cancer Stage Percent of Cases 5-Year Relative Survival Localized
Confined to Primary Site 19% 48.7% Regional
Spread to Regional Lymph Nodes 32% 28.4% Distant
Cancer Has Metastasized 39% 5.4% Unknown
Unstaged 10% 16.1%

Percent of Cases by Stage

New Cases and Deaths How Common Is This Cancer?

Compared to other cancers, esophageal cancer is relatively rare.

Rank Common Types of Cancer Estimated New
Cases 2025 Estimated
Deaths 2025 1. Breast Cancer (Female) 316,950 42,170 2. Prostate Cancer 313,780 35,770 3. Lung and Bronchus Cancer 226,650 124,730 4. Colorectal Cancer 154,270 52,900 5. Melanoma of the Skin 104,960 8,430 6. Bladder Cancer 84,870 17,420 7. Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer 80,980 14,510 8. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 80,350 19,390 9. Uterine Cancer 69,120 13,860 10. Pancreatic Cancer 67,440 51,980 - - - 17. Esophageal Cancer 22,070 16,250

Esophageal cancer represents 1.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S.

1.1%

In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 22,070 new cases of esophageal cancer and an estimated 16,250 people will die of this disease.

Who Gets This Cancer?

Esophageal cancer is more common in men than women, and it is associated with older age, heavy alcohol use and tobacco use. The rate of new cases of esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018–2022 cases, age-adjusted.

Rate of New Cases per 100,000 Persons by Race/Ethnicity & Sex: Esophageal Cancer Males All Races 7.1 Hispanic 4.8 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native 8.9 Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 3.8 Non-Hispanic Black 5.1 Non-Hispanic White 8.4 Females All Races 1.7 Hispanic 1.1 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native 2.4 Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 1.0 Non-Hispanic Black 1.9 Non-Hispanic White 1.9

All Races
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic American Indian/ Alaska Native
Non-Hispanic Asian / Pacific Islander
Non-Hispanic Black
Non-Hispanic White

Percent of New Cases by Age Group: Esophageal Cancer Age Range Percent of New Cases <20 0.0% 20–34 0.4% 35–44 1.9% 45–54 7.8% 55–64 25.6% 65–74 34.9% 75–84 21.4% >84 7.9%

Esophageal cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65–74.

Median Age
At Diagnosis

69 Who Dies From This Cancer?

Esophageal cancer is the eleventh leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 3.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019–2023 deaths, age-adjusted.

Death Rate per 100,000 Persons by Race/Ethnicity & Sex: Esophageal Cancer Males All Races 6.5 Hispanic 3.3 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native 6.9 Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 2.6 Non-Hispanic Black 4.3 Non-Hispanic White 7.5 Females All Races 1.4 Hispanic 0.7 Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native 1.6 Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 0.7 Non-Hispanic Black 1.4 Non-Hispanic White 1.5

All Races
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic American Indian/ Alaska Native
Non-Hispanic Asian / Pacific Islander
Non-Hispanic Black
Non-Hispanic White

Percent of Deaths by Age Group: Esophageal Cancer Age Range Percent of Deaths <20 0.0% 20–34 0.3% 35–44 1.4% 45–54 6.5% 55–64 22.6% 65–74 33.9% 75–84 24.7% >84 10.6%

The percent of esophageal cancer deaths is highest among people aged 65–74.

Trends in Rates Changes Over Time

Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments.

Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new esophageal cancer cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 2013–2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014–2023. 5-year relative survival trends are shown below.

New Cases, Deaths and 5-Year Relative Survival Interactive Statistics with SEER*Explorer With SEER*Explorer, you can...

Create custom graphs and tables
Download data and images
Share links to results

SEER*Explorer is an interactive website that provides easy access to a wide range of SEER cancer statistics. It provides detailed statistics for a cancer site by sex, race, calendar year, age, and for a selected number of cancer sites, by stage and histology.

Explore Additional Esophageal Cancer Statistics More About This Cancer Cancer and the Esophagus

Figure: Anatomy of the Digestive System

Figure: Gastrointestinal (digestive) system anatomy; shows esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine.

Esophageal cancer starts at the inside lining of the esophagus and spreads outward through the other layers as it grows. The two most common forms of esophageal cancer are:

Squamous cell carcinoma that forms in squamous cells, the thin, flat cells lining the esophagus. This cancer is most often found in the upper and middle part of the esophagus, but can occur anywhere along the esophagus. This is also called epidermoid carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma that begins in glandular (secretory) cells. Glandular cells in the lining of the esophagus produce and release fluids such as mucus. Adenocarcinomas usually form in the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach.

Additional Information

Learn more about esophageal cancer

More Information

Here are some resources for learning more about esophageal cancer.

References

All statistics in this report are based on statistics from SEER and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. Most can be found within SEER*Explorer.

Suggested Citation

All material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Esophageal Cancer. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html

These stat facts focus on population statistics that are based on the U.S. population. Because these statistics are based on large groups of people, they cannot be used to predict exactly what will happen to an individual patient. To see tailored statistics, browse SEER*Explorer. To see statistics for a specific state, go to the State Cancer Profiles.

The statistics presented in these stat facts are based on the most recent data available, most of which can be found in SEER*Explorer. In some cases, different year spans may be used.

Estimates of new cases and deaths for 2025 are projections made by the American Cancer Society (ACS), based on earlier reported data.

Cancer is a complex topic. There is a wide range of information available. These stat facts do not address causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up care, or decision making, although links are provided to information in many of these areas.

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