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8.3. Generated datasets — scikit-learn 1.8.dev0 documentation

In addition, scikit-learn includes various random sample generators that can be used to build artificial datasets of controlled size and complexity.

These generators produce a matrix of features and corresponding discrete targets.

make_blobs creates a multiclass dataset by allocating each class to one normally-distributed cluster of points. It provides control over the centers and standard deviations of each cluster. This dataset is used to demonstrate clustering.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs

X, y = make_blobs(centers=3, cluster_std=0.5, random_state=0)

plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y)
plt.title("Three normally-distributed clusters")
plt.show()

make_classification also creates multiclass datasets but specializes in introducing noise by way of: correlated, redundant and uninformative features; multiple Gaussian clusters per class; and linear transformations of the feature space.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification

fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(12, 4), sharey=True, sharex=True)
titles = ["Two classes,\none informative feature,\none cluster per class",
          "Two classes,\ntwo informative features,\ntwo clusters per class",
          "Three classes,\ntwo informative features,\none cluster per class"]
params = [
    {"n_informative": 1, "n_clusters_per_class": 1, "n_classes": 2},
    {"n_informative": 2, "n_clusters_per_class": 2, "n_classes": 2},
    {"n_informative": 2, "n_clusters_per_class": 1, "n_classes": 3}
]

for i, param in enumerate(params):
    X, Y = make_classification(n_features=2, n_redundant=0, random_state=1, **param)
    axs[i].scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
    axs[i].set_title(titles[i])

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

make_gaussian_quantiles divides a single Gaussian cluster into near-equal-size classes separated by concentric hyperspheres.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_gaussian_quantiles

X, Y = make_gaussian_quantiles(n_features=2, n_classes=3, random_state=0)
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
plt.title("Gaussian divided into three quantiles")
plt.show()

make_hastie_10_2 generates a similar binary, 10-dimensional problem.

make_circles and make_moons generate 2D binary classification datasets that are challenging to certain algorithms (e.g., centroid-based clustering or linear classification), including optional Gaussian noise. They are useful for visualization. make_circles produces Gaussian data with a spherical decision boundary for binary classification, while make_moons produces two interleaving half-circles.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_circles, make_moons

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(8, 4))

X, Y = make_circles(noise=0.1, factor=0.3, random_state=0)
ax1.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
ax1.set_title("make_circles")

X, Y = make_moons(noise=0.1, random_state=0)
ax2.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y)
ax2.set_title("make_moons")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

make_multilabel_classification generates random samples with multiple labels, reflecting a bag of words drawn from a mixture of topics. The number of topics for each document is drawn from a Poisson distribution, and the topics themselves are drawn from a fixed random distribution. Similarly, the number of words is drawn from Poisson, with words drawn from a multinomial, where each topic defines a probability distribution over words. Simplifications with respect to true bag-of-words mixtures include:

• Per-topic word distributions are independently drawn, where in reality all would be affected by a sparse base distribution, and would be correlated.

• For a document generated from multiple topics, all topics are weighted equally in generating its bag of words.

• Documents without labels words at random, rather than from a base distribution.

make_regression produces regression targets as an optionally-sparse random linear combination of random features, with noise. Its informative features may be uncorrelated, or low rank (few features account for most of the variance).

Other regression generators generate functions deterministically from randomized features. make_sparse_uncorrelated produces a target as a linear combination of four features with fixed coefficients. Others encode explicitly non-linear relations: make_friedman1 is related by polynomial and sine transforms; make_friedman2 includes feature multiplication and reciprocation; and make_friedman3 is similar with an arctan transformation on the target.

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