x?
This PEP proposes adding a ? operator for types to allow writing int? in place of Optional[int].
The notation T|None introduced by PEP 604 to write Optional[T] is a fine alternative to T? and does not require new syntax.
Using T? to mean T|None is also inconsistent with TypeScript where it roughly means NotRequired[T]. Such inconsistency would likely confuse folks coming from TypeScript to Python.
The above represents the consensus of typing-sig and the sponsor of this PEP.
MotivationTypes have become a valuable and powerful part of the Python language. However, many type annotations are verbose and add considerable friction to using type annotations. By improving the typing syntax, adding types to Python code becomes simpler and improves the development experience for Python users.
In a similar vein, a PEP to introduce short hand syntax for Union types has been approved and implemented.
RationaleTypes in Python can be quite verbose, this can be a hindrance when working towards type adoption. Making types more ergonomic, as was done with the Union type in PEP 604 (e.g., int | str), would reduce the effort needed to add types to new and existing Python code. The Optional annotation is used frequently in both partially and fully typed Python code bases. In a small sampling of 5 well-typed open source projects, on average 7% of annotations included at least one optional type. This indicates that updating the syntax has the potential to make types more concise, reduce code length and improve readability.
Simplifying the syntax for optionals has been discussed previously within the typing community. The consensus during these conversations has been that ? is the preferred operator. There is no native support for unary ? in Python and this will need to be added to the runtime.
Adding the ? sigil to the Python grammar has been proposed previously in PEP 505, which is currently in a deferred state. PEP 505 proposes a:
- “None coalescing” binary operator
??- “None-aware attribute access” operator
?.(“maybe dot”)- “None-aware indexing” operator
?[](“maybe subscript”)
Should PEP 505 be approved in the future, it would not interfere with the typing specific ? proposed in this PEP. As well, since all uses of the ? would be conceptually related, it would not be confusing in terms of learning Python or a hindrance to quick visual comprehension.
The proposed syntax, with the postfix operator, mimics the optional syntax found in other typed languages, like C#, TypeScript and Swift. The widespread adoption and popularity of these languages means that Python developers are likely already familiar with this syntax.
// Optional in Swift var example: String? // Optional in C# string? example;
Adding this syntax would also follow the often used pattern of using builtin types as annotations. For example, list, dict and None. This would allow more annotations to be added to Python code without importing from typing.
The new optional syntax should be accepted for function, variable, attribute and parameter annotations.
# instead of # def foo(x: Optional[int], y: Optional[str], z: Optional[list[int]): ... def foo(x: int?, y: str?, x: list[int]?): ... # def bar(x: list[typing.Optional[int]]): ... def bar(x: list[int?]): ...
The new optional syntax should be equivalent to the existing typing.Optional syntax
typing.Optional[int] == int?
The new optional syntax should have the same identity as the existing typing.Optional syntax.
typing.Optional[int] is int?
It should also be equivalent to a Union with None.
# old syntax int? == typing.Union[int, None] # new syntax int? == int | None
Since the new Union syntax specified in PEP 604 is supported in isinstance and issubclass, the new optional syntax should be supported in both isinstance and issubclass,
isinstance(1, int?) # true issubclass(Child, Super?) # true
A new dunder method will need to be implemented to allow the ? operator to be overloaded for other functionality.
? is currently unused in Python syntax, therefore this PEP is fully backwards compatible.
A reference implementation can be found here.
Rejected IdeasDiscussed alternatives were
~ operator was considered in place of ?.?int).This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive.
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