The goal of this PEP is to provide a standard infrastructure to manage project distributions installed on a system, so all tools that are installing or removing projects are interoperable.
To achieve this goal, the PEP proposes a new format to describe installed distributions on a system. It also describes a reference implementation for the standard library.
In the past an attempt was made to create an installation database (see PEP 262).
Combined with PEP 345, the current proposal supersedes PEP 262.
Note: the implementation plan didn’t go as expected, so it should be considered informative only for this PEP.
RationaleThere are two problems right now in the way distributions are installed in Python:
Right now, when a distribution is installed in Python, every element can be installed in a different directory.
For instance, Distutils installs the pure Python code in the purelib directory, which is lib/python2.6/site-packages for unix-like systems and Mac OS X, or Lib\site-packages under Python’s installation directory for Windows.
Additionally, the install_egg_info subcommand of the Distutils install command adds an .egg-info file for the project into the purelib directory.
For example, for the docutils distribution, which contains one package an extra module and executable scripts, three elements are installed in site-packages:
docutils: The docutils package.roman.py: An extra module used by docutils.docutils-0.5-py2.6.egg-info: A file containing the distribution metadata as described in PEP 314. This file corresponds to the file called PKG-INFO, built by the sdist command.Some executable scripts, such as rst2html.py, are also added in the bin directory of the Python installation.
Another project called setuptools [1] has two other formats to install distributions, called EggFormats [4]:
.egg directory, that contains all the distribution files and the distribution metadata in a file called PKG-INFO in a subdirectory called EGG-INFO. setuptools creates other files in that directory that can be considered as complementary metadata..egg-info directory installed in site-packages, that contains the same files EGG-INFO has in the .egg format.The first format is automatically used when you install a distribution that uses the setuptools.setup function in its setup.py file, instead of the distutils.core.setup one.
setuptools also add a reference to the distribution into an easy-install.pth file.
Last, the setuptools project provides an executable script called easy_install [2] that installs all distributions, including distutils-based ones in self-contained .egg directories.
If you want to have standalone .egg-info directories for your distributions, e.g. the second setuptools format, you have to force it when you work with a setuptools-based distribution or with the easy_install script. You can force it by using the --single-version-externally-managed option or the --root option. This will make the setuptools project install the project like distutils does.
This option is used by :
Uninstall informationDistutils doesn’t provide an uninstall command. If you want to uninstall a distribution, you have to be a power user and remove the various elements that were installed, and then look over the .pth file to clean them if necessary.
And the process differs depending on the tools you have used to install the distribution and if the distribution’s setup.py uses Distutils or Setuptools.
Under some circumstances, you might not be able to know for sure that you have removed everything, or that you didn’t break another distribution by removing a file that is shared among several distributions.
But there’s a common behavior: when you install a distribution, files are copied in your system. And it’s possible to keep track of these files for later removal.
Moreover, the Pip project has gained an uninstall feature lately. It records all installed files, using the record option of the install command.
To address those issues, this PEP proposes a few changes:
.dist-info structure using a directory, inspired on one format of the EggFormats standard from setuptools.pkgutil to be able to query the information of installed distributions.This PEP proposes an installation format inspired by one of the options in the EggFormats standard, the one that uses a distinct directory located in the site-packages directory.
This distinct directory is named as follows:
name + '-' + version + '.dist-info'
This .dist-info directory can contain these files:
METADATA: contains metadata, as described in PEP 345, PEP 314 and PEP 241.RECORD: records the list of installed filesINSTALLER: records the name of the tool used to install the projectREQUESTED: the presence of this file indicates that the project installation was explicitly requested (i.e., not installed as a dependency).The METADATA, RECORD and INSTALLER files are mandatory, while REQUESTED may be missing.
This proposal will not impact Python itself because the metadata files are not used anywhere yet in the standard library besides Distutils.
It will impact the setuptools and pip projects but, given the fact that they already work with a directory that contains a PKG-INFO file, the change will have no deep consequences.
A RECORD file is added inside the .dist-info directory at installation time when installing a source distribution using the install command. Notice that when installing a binary distribution created with bdist command or a bdist-based command, the RECORD file will be installed as well since these commands use the install command to create binary distributions.
The RECORD file holds the list of installed files. These correspond to the files listed by the record option of the install command, and will be generated by default. This allows the implementation of an uninstallation feature, as explained later in this PEP. The install command also provides an option to prevent the RECORD file from being written and this option should be used when creating system packages.
Third-party installation tools also should not overwrite or delete files that are not in a RECORD file without prompting or warning.
This RECORD file is inspired from PEP 262 FILES.
The RECORD file is a CSV file, composed of records, one line per installed file. The csv module is used to read the file, with these options:
,".os.linesep (so \r\n or \n)When a distribution is installed, files can be installed under:
--install-lib option, which defaults to the site-packages directory.--prefix option, which defaults to sys.prefix.Each record is composed of three elements:
pyc and pyo generated files don’t have any hash because they are automatically produced from py files. So checking the hash of the corresponding py file is enough to decide if the file and its associated pyc or pyo files have changed.
The hash is either the empty string or the hash algorithm as named in hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed, followed by the equals character =, followed by the urlsafe-base64-nopad encoding of the digest (base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest) with trailing = removed).
The csv module is used to generate this file, so the field separator is “,”. Any “,” character found within a field is escaped automatically by csv.
When the file is read, the U option is used so the universal newline support (see PEP 278) is activated, avoiding any trouble reading a file produced on a platform that uses a different new line terminator.
Here’s an example of a RECORD file (extract):
lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/__init__.py,md5=nWt-Dge1eug4iAgqLS_uWg,9544 lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/__init__.pyc,, lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/core.py,md5=X90C_JLIcC78PL74iuhPnA,66188 lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/core.pyc,, lib/python2.6/site-packages/roman.py,md5=7YhfNczihNjOY0FXlupwBg,234 lib/python2.6/site-packages/roman.pyc,, /usr/local/bin/rst2html.py,md5=g22D3amDLJP-FhBzCi7EvA,234 /usr/local/bin/rst2html.pyc,, python2.6/site-packages/docutils-0.5.dist-info/METADATA,md5=ovJyUNzXdArGfmVyb0onyA,195 lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils-0.5.dist-info/RECORD,,
Notice that the RECORD file can’t contain a hash of itself and is just mentioned here
A project that installs a config.ini file in /etc/myapp will be added like this:
/etc/myapp/config.ini,md5=gLfd6IANquzGLhOkW4Mfgg,9544
For a windows platform, the drive letter is added for the absolute paths, so a file that is copied in c:MyAppwill be:
c:\etc\myapp\config.ini,md5=gLfd6IANquzGLhOkW4Mfgg,9544INSTALLER
The install command has a new option called installer. This option is the name of the tool used to invoke the installation. It’s a normalized lower-case string matching [a-z0-9_\-\.].
$ python setup.py install –installer=pkg-system
It defaults to distutils if not provided.
When a distribution is installed, the INSTALLER file is generated in the .dist-info directory with this value, to keep track of who installed the distribution. The file is a single-line text file.
Some install tools automatically detect unfulfilled dependencies and install them. In these cases, it is useful to track which distributions were installed purely as a dependency, so if their dependent distribution is later uninstalled, the user can be alerted of the orphaned dependency.
If a distribution is installed by direct user request (the usual case), a file REQUESTED is added to the .dist-info directory of the installed distribution. The REQUESTED file may be empty, or may contain a marker comment line beginning with the “#” character.
If an install tool installs a distribution automatically, as a dependency of another distribution, the REQUESTED file should not be created.
The install command of distutils by default creates the REQUESTED file. It accepts --requested and --no-requested options to explicitly specify whether the file is created.
If a distribution that was already installed on the system as a dependency is later installed by name, the distutils install command will create the REQUESTED file in the .dist-info directory of the existing installation.
Note: this section is non-normative. In the end, this PEP was implemented by third-party libraries and tools, not the standard library.
New functions and classes in pkgutilTo use the .dist-info directory content, we need to add in the standard library a set of APIs. The best place to put these APIs is pkgutil.
The new functions added in the pkgutil module are :
distinfo_dirname(name, version) -> directory name
nameis converted to a standard distribution name by replacing any runs of non-alphanumeric characters with a single ‘-‘.
versionis converted to a standard version string. Spaces become dots, and all other non-alphanumeric characters (except dots) become dashes, with runs of multiple dashes condensed to a single dash.Both attributes are then converted into their filename-escaped form, i.e. any ‘-’ characters are replaced with ‘_’ other than the one in ‘dist-info’ and the one separating the name from the version number.
get_distributions() -> iterator of Distribution instances.
Provides an iterator that looks for .dist-info directories in sys.path and returns Distribution instances for each one of them.
get_distribution(name) -> Distribution or None.obsoletes_distribution(name, version=None) -> iterator of Distribution instances.
Iterates over all distributions to find which distributions obsolete name. If a version is provided, it will be used to filter the results.
provides_distribution(name, version=None) -> iterator of Distribution instances.
Iterates over all distributions to find which distributions provide name. If a version is provided, it will be used to filter the results. Scans all elements in sys.path and looks for all directories ending with .dist-info. Returns a Distribution corresponding to the .dist-info directory that contains a METADATA that matches name for the name metadata.
This function only returns the first result founded, since no more than one values are expected. If the directory is not found, returns None.
get_file_users(path) -> iterator of Distribution instances.
Iterates over all distributions to find out which distributions uses path. path can be a local absolute path or a relative ‘/’-separated path.
A local absolute path is an absolute path in which occurrences of ‘/’ have been replaced by the system separator given by os.sep.
A new class called Distribution is created with the path of the .dist-info directory provided to the constructor. It reads the metadata contained in METADATA when it is instantiated.
Distribution(path) -> instance
Creates a
Distributioninstance for the givenpath.
Distribution provides the following attributes:
name: The name of the distribution.metadata: A DistributionMetadata instance loaded with the distribution’s METADATA file.requested: A boolean that indicates whether the REQUESTED metadata file is present (in other words, whether the distribution was installed by user request).And following methods:
get_installed_files(local=False) -> iterator of (path, hash, size)
Iterates over the RECORD entries and return a tuple (path, hash, size) for each line. If local is True, the path is transformed into a local absolute path. Otherwise the raw value from RECORD is returned.
A local absolute path is an absolute path in which occurrences of ‘/’ have been replaced by the system separator given by os.sep.
uses(path) -> Boolean
Returns True if path is listed in RECORD. path can be a local absolute path or a relative ‘/’-separated path.
get_distinfo_file(path, binary=False) -> file object
Returns a file located under the
.dist-infodirectory.
Returns a
fileinstance for the file pointed bypath.
pathhas to be a ‘/’-separated path relative to the.dist-infodirectory or an absolute path.If
pathis an absolute path and doesn’t start with the.dist-infodirectory path, aDistutilsErroris raised.If
binaryisTrue, opens the file in read-only binary mode (rb), otherwise opens it in read-only mode (r).
get_distinfo_files(local=False) -> iterator of paths
Iterates over the RECORD entries and returns paths for each line if the path is pointing to a file located in the .dist-info directory or one of its subdirectories.
If local is True, each path is transformed into a local absolute path. Otherwise the raw value from RECORD is returned.
Notice that the API is organized in five classes that work with directories and Zip files (so it works with files included in Zip files, see PEP 273 for more details). These classes are described in the documentation of the prototype implementation for interested readers [7].
ExamplesLet’s use some of the new APIs with our docutils example:
>>> from pkgutil import get_distribution, get_file_users, distinfo_dirname
>>> dist = get_distribution('docutils')
>>> dist.name
'docutils'
>>> dist.metadata.version
'0.5'
>>> distinfo_dirname('docutils', '0.5')
'docutils-0.5.dist-info'
>>> distinfo_dirname('python-ldap', '2.5')
'python_ldap-2.5.dist-info'
>>> distinfo_dirname('python-ldap', '2.5 a---5')
'python_ldap-2.5.a_5.dist-info'
>>> for path, hash, size in dist.get_installed_files()::
... print '%s %s %d' % (path, hash, size)
...
python2.6/site-packages/docutils/__init__.py,b690274f621402dda63bf11ba5373bf2,9544
python2.6/site-packages/docutils/core.py,9c4b84aff68aa55f2e9bf70481b94333,66188
python2.6/site-packages/roman.py,a4b84aff68aa55f2e9bf70481b943D3,234
/usr/local/bin/rst2html.py,a4b84aff68aa55f2e9bf70481b943D3,234
python2.6/site-packages/docutils-0.5.dist-info/METADATA,6fe57de576d749536082d8e205b77748,195
python2.6/site-packages/docutils-0.5.dist-info/RECORD
>>> dist.uses('docutils/core.py')
True
>>> dist.uses('/usr/local/bin/rst2html.py')
True
>>> dist.get_distinfo_file('METADATA')
<open file at ...>
>>> dist.requested
True
New functions in Distutils
Distutils already provides a very basic way to install a distribution, which is running the install command over the setup.py script of the distribution.
Distutils2 will provide a very basic uninstall function, that is added in distutils2.util and takes the name of the distribution to uninstall as its argument. uninstall uses the APIs described earlier and remove all unique files, as long as their hash didn’t change. Then it removes empty directories left behind.
uninstall returns a list of uninstalled files:
>>> from distutils2.util import uninstall
>>> uninstall('docutils')
['/opt/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/core.py',
...
'/opt/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages/docutils/__init__.py']
If the distribution is not found, a DistutilsUninstallError is raised.
To make it a reference API for third-party projects that wish to control how uninstall works, a second callable argument can be used. It’s called for each file that is removed. If the callable returns True, the file is removed. If it returns False, it’s left alone.
Examples:
>>> def _remove_and_log(path):
... logging.info('Removing %s' % path)
... return True
...
>>> uninstall('docutils', _remove_and_log)
>>> def _dry_run(path):
... logging.info('Removing %s (dry run)' % path)
... return False
...
>>> uninstall('docutils', _dry_run)
Of course, a third-party tool can use lower-level pkgutil APIs to implement its own uninstall feature.
As explained earlier in this PEP, the install command adds an INSTALLER file in the .dist-info directory with the name of the installer.
To avoid removing distributions that were installed by another packaging system, the uninstall function takes an extra argument installer which defaults to distutils2.
When called, uninstall controls that the INSTALLER file matches this argument. If not, it raises a DistutilsUninstallError:
>>> uninstall('docutils')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
DistutilsUninstallError: docutils was installed by 'cool-pkg-manager'
>>> uninstall('docutils', installer='cool-pkg-manager')
This allows a third-party application to use the uninstall function and strongly suggest that no other program remove a distribution it has previously installed. This is useful when a third-party program that relies on Distutils APIs does extra steps on the system at installation time, it has to undo at uninstallation time.
An uninstall script is added in Distutils2. and is used like this:
$ python -m distutils2.uninstall projectname
Notice that script doesn’t control if the removal of a distribution breaks another distribution. Although it makes sure that all the files it removes are not used by any other distribution, by using the uninstall function.
Also note that this uninstall script pays no attention to the REQUESTED metadata; that is provided only for use by external tools to provide more advanced dependency management.
Backward compatibility and roadmapThese changes don’t introduce any compatibility problems since they will be implemented in:
The plan is to include the functionality outlined in this PEP in pkgutil for Python 3.2, and in Distutils2.
Distutils2 will also contain a backport of the new pgkutil, and can be used for 2.4 onward.
Distributions installed using existing, pre-standardization formats do not have the necessary metadata available for the new API, and thus will be ignored. Third-party tools may of course to continue to support previous formats in addition to the new format, in order to ease the transition.
References AcknowledgementsJim Fulton, Ian Bicking, Phillip Eby, Rafael Villar Burke, and many people at Pycon and Distutils-SIG.
CopyrightThis document has been placed in the public domain.
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