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What is JAX?JAX is a Python library for accelerator-oriented array computation and program transformation, designed for high-performance numerical computing and large-scale machine learning.
With its updated version of Autograd, JAX can automatically differentiate native Python and NumPy functions. It can differentiate through loops, branches, recursion, and closures, and it can take derivatives of derivatives of derivatives. It supports reverse-mode differentiation (a.k.a. backpropagation) via grad as well as forward-mode differentiation, and the two can be composed arbitrarily to any order.
What’s new is that JAX uses XLA to compile and run your NumPy programs on GPUs and TPUs. Compilation happens under the hood by default, with library calls getting just-in-time compiled and executed. But JAX also lets you just-in-time compile your own Python functions into XLA-optimized kernels using a one-function API, jit. Compilation and automatic differentiation can be composed arbitrarily, so you can express sophisticated algorithms and get maximal performance without leaving Python. You can even program multiple GPUs or TPU cores at once using pmap, and differentiate through the whole thing.
Dig a little deeper, and you'll see that JAX is really an extensible system for composable function transformations. Both grad and jit are instances of such transformations. Others are vmap for automatic vectorization and pmap for single-program multiple-data (SPMD) parallel programming of multiple accelerators, with more to come.
This is a research project, not an official Google product. Expect sharp edges. Please help by trying it out, reporting bugs, and letting us know what you think!
import jax.numpy as jnp
from jax import grad, jit, vmap
def predict(params, inputs):
for W, b in params:
outputs = jnp.dot(inputs, W) + b
inputs = jnp.tanh(outputs) # inputs to the next layer
return outputs # no activation on last layer
def loss(params, inputs, targets):
preds = predict(params, inputs)
return jnp.sum((preds - targets)**2)
grad_loss = jit(grad(loss)) # compiled gradient evaluation function
perex_grads = jit(vmap(grad_loss, in_axes=(None, 0, 0))) # fast per-example grads
Contents
Jump right in using a notebook in your browser, connected to a Google Cloud GPU. Here are some starter notebooks:
grad for differentiation, jit for compilation, and vmap for vectorizationJAX now runs on Cloud TPUs. To try out the preview, see the Cloud TPU Colabs.
For a deeper dive into JAX:
At its core, JAX is an extensible system for transforming numerical functions. Here are four transformations of primary interest: grad, jit, vmap, and pmap.
grad
JAX has roughly the same API as Autograd. The most popular function is grad for reverse-mode gradients:
from jax import grad import jax.numpy as jnp def tanh(x): # Define a function y = jnp.exp(-2.0 * x) return (1.0 - y) / (1.0 + y) grad_tanh = grad(tanh) # Obtain its gradient function print(grad_tanh(1.0)) # Evaluate it at x = 1.0 # prints 0.4199743
You can differentiate to any order with grad.
print(grad(grad(grad(tanh)))(1.0)) # prints 0.62162673
For more advanced autodiff, you can use jax.vjp for reverse-mode vector-Jacobian products and jax.jvp for forward-mode Jacobian-vector products. The two can be composed arbitrarily with one another, and with other JAX transformations. Here's one way to compose those to make a function that efficiently computes full Hessian matrices:
from jax import jit, jacfwd, jacrev def hessian(fun): return jit(jacfwd(jacrev(fun)))
As with Autograd, you're free to use differentiation with Python control structures:
def abs_val(x):
if x > 0:
return x
else:
return -x
abs_val_grad = grad(abs_val)
print(abs_val_grad(1.0)) # prints 1.0
print(abs_val_grad(-1.0)) # prints -1.0 (abs_val is re-evaluated)
See the reference docs on automatic differentiation and the JAX Autodiff Cookbook for more.
Compilation withjit
You can use XLA to compile your functions end-to-end with jit, used either as an @jit decorator or as a higher-order function.
import jax.numpy as jnp from jax import jit def slow_f(x): # Element-wise ops see a large benefit from fusion return x * x + x * 2.0 x = jnp.ones((5000, 5000)) fast_f = jit(slow_f) %timeit -n10 -r3 fast_f(x) # ~ 4.5 ms / loop on Titan X %timeit -n10 -r3 slow_f(x) # ~ 14.5 ms / loop (also on GPU via JAX)
You can mix jit and grad and any other JAX transformation however you like.
Using jit puts constraints on the kind of Python control flow the function can use; see the tutorial on Control Flow and Logical Operators with JIT for more.
vmap
vmap is the vectorizing map. It has the familiar semantics of mapping a function along array axes, but instead of keeping the loop on the outside, it pushes the loop down into a function’s primitive operations for better performance.
Using vmap can save you from having to carry around batch dimensions in your code. For example, consider this simple unbatched neural network prediction function:
def predict(params, input_vec):
assert input_vec.ndim == 1
activations = input_vec
for W, b in params:
outputs = jnp.dot(W, activations) + b # `activations` on the right-hand side!
activations = jnp.tanh(outputs) # inputs to the next layer
return outputs # no activation on last layer
We often instead write jnp.dot(activations, W) to allow for a batch dimension on the left side of activations, but we’ve written this particular prediction function to apply only to single input vectors. If we wanted to apply this function to a batch of inputs at once, semantically we could just write
from functools import partial predictions = jnp.stack(list(map(partial(predict, params), input_batch)))
But pushing one example through the network at a time would be slow! It’s better to vectorize the computation, so that at every layer we’re doing matrix-matrix multiplication rather than matrix-vector multiplication.
The vmap function does that transformation for us. That is, if we write
from jax import vmap predictions = vmap(partial(predict, params))(input_batch) # or, alternatively predictions = vmap(predict, in_axes=(None, 0))(params, input_batch)
then the vmap function will push the outer loop inside the function, and our machine will end up executing matrix-matrix multiplications exactly as if we’d done the batching by hand.
It’s easy enough to manually batch a simple neural network without vmap, but in other cases manual vectorization can be impractical or impossible. Take the problem of efficiently computing per-example gradients: that is, for a fixed set of parameters, we want to compute the gradient of our loss function evaluated separately at each example in a batch. With vmap, it’s easy:
per_example_gradients = vmap(partial(grad(loss), params))(inputs, targets)
Of course, vmap can be arbitrarily composed with jit, grad, and any other JAX transformation! We use vmap with both forward- and reverse-mode automatic differentiation for fast Jacobian and Hessian matrix calculations in jax.jacfwd, jax.jacrev, and jax.hessian.
pmap
For parallel programming of multiple accelerators, like multiple GPUs, use pmap. With pmap you write single-program multiple-data (SPMD) programs, including fast parallel collective communication operations. Applying pmap will mean that the function you write is compiled by XLA (similarly to jit), then replicated and executed in parallel across devices.
Here's an example on an 8-GPU machine:
from jax import random, pmap import jax.numpy as jnp # Create 8 random 5000 x 6000 matrices, one per GPU keys = random.split(random.key(0), 8) mats = pmap(lambda key: random.normal(key, (5000, 6000)))(keys) # Run a local matmul on each device in parallel (no data transfer) result = pmap(lambda x: jnp.dot(x, x.T))(mats) # result.shape is (8, 5000, 5000) # Compute the mean on each device in parallel and print the result print(pmap(jnp.mean)(result)) # prints [1.1566595 1.1805978 ... 1.2321935 1.2015157]
In addition to expressing pure maps, you can use fast collective communication operations between devices:
from functools import partial from jax import lax @partial(pmap, axis_name='i') def normalize(x): return x / lax.psum(x, 'i') print(normalize(jnp.arange(4.))) # prints [0. 0.16666667 0.33333334 0.5 ]
You can even nest pmap functions for more sophisticated communication patterns.
It all composes, so you're free to differentiate through parallel computations:
from jax import grad
@pmap
def f(x):
y = jnp.sin(x)
@pmap
def g(z):
return jnp.cos(z) * jnp.tan(y.sum()) * jnp.tanh(x).sum()
return grad(lambda w: jnp.sum(g(w)))(x)
print(f(x))
# [[ 0. , -0.7170853 ],
# [-3.1085174 , -0.4824318 ],
# [10.366636 , 13.135289 ],
# [ 0.22163185, -0.52112055]]
print(grad(lambda x: jnp.sum(f(x)))(x))
# [[ -3.2369726, -1.6356447],
# [ 4.7572474, 11.606951 ],
# [-98.524414 , 42.76499 ],
# [ -1.6007166, -1.2568436]]
When reverse-mode differentiating a pmap function (e.g. with grad), the backward pass of the computation is parallelized just like the forward pass.
See the SPMD Cookbook and the SPMD MNIST classifier from scratch example for more.
Current gotchasFor a more thorough survey of current gotchas, with examples and explanations, we highly recommend reading the Gotchas Notebook. Some standouts:
is isn't preserved). If you use a JAX transformation on an impure Python function, you might see an error like Exception: Can't lift Traced... or Exception: Different traces at same level.x[i] += y, aren't supported, but there are functional alternatives. Under a jit, those functional alternatives will reuse buffers in-place automatically.jax.lax package.float32) values by default, and to enable double-precision (64-bit, e.g. float64) one needs to set the jax_enable_x64 variable at startup (or set the environment variable JAX_ENABLE_X64=True). On TPU, JAX uses 32-bit values by default for everything except internal temporary variables in 'matmul-like' operations, such as jax.numpy.dot and lax.conv. Those ops have a precision parameter which can be used to approximate 32-bit operations via three bfloat16 passes, with a cost of possibly slower runtime. Non-matmul operations on TPU lower to implementations that often emphasize speed over accuracy, so in practice computations on TPU will be less precise than similar computations on other backends.np.add(1, np.array([2], np.float32)).dtype is float64 rather than float32.jit, constrain how you can use Python control flow. You'll always get loud errors if something goes wrong. You might have to use jit's static_argnums parameter, structured control flow primitives like lax.scan, or just use jit on smaller subfunctions.See the documentation for information on alternative installation strategies. These include compiling from source, installing with Docker, using other versions of CUDA, a community-supported conda build, and answers to some frequently-asked questions.
Neural network librariesMultiple Google research groups at Google DeepMind and Alphabet develop and share libraries for training neural networks in JAX. If you want a fully featured library for neural network training with examples and how-to guides, try Flax and its documentation site.
Check out the JAX Ecosystem section on the JAX documentation site for a list of JAX-based network libraries, which includes Optax for gradient processing and optimization, chex for reliable code and testing, and Equinox for neural networks. (Watch the NeurIPS 2020 JAX Ecosystem at DeepMind talk here for additional details.)
Citing JAXTo cite this repository:
@software{jax2018github,
author = {James Bradbury and Roy Frostig and Peter Hawkins and Matthew James Johnson and Chris Leary and Dougal Maclaurin and George Necula and Adam Paszke and Jake Vander{P}las and Skye Wanderman-{M}ilne and Qiao Zhang},
title = {{JAX}: composable transformations of {P}ython+{N}um{P}y programs},
url = {http://github.com/jax-ml/jax},
version = {0.3.13},
year = {2018},
}
In the above bibtex entry, names are in alphabetical order, the version number is intended to be that from jax/version.py, and the year corresponds to the project's open-source release.
A nascent version of JAX, supporting only automatic differentiation and compilation to XLA, was described in a paper that appeared at SysML 2018. We're currently working on covering JAX's ideas and capabilities in a more comprehensive and up-to-date paper.
Reference documentationFor details about the JAX API, see the reference documentation.
For getting started as a JAX developer, see the developer documentation.
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