class Traversable :: (Type -> Type) -> Constraint
class (Functor t, Foldable t) <= Traversable t where
Traversable
represents data structures which can be traversed, accumulating results and effects in some Applicative
functor.
traverse
runs an action for every element in a data structure, and accumulates the results.sequence
runs the actions contained in a data structure, and accumulates the results.import Data.Traversable
import Data.Maybe
import Data.Int (fromNumber)
sequence [Just 1, Just 2, Just 3] == Just [1,2,3]
sequence [Nothing, Just 2, Just 3] == Nothing
traverse fromNumber [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] == Just [1,2,3]
traverse fromNumber [1.5, 2.0, 3.0] == Nothing
traverse logShow [1,2,3]
-- prints:
1
2
3
traverse (\x -> [x, 0]) [1,2,3] == [[1,2,3],[1,2,0],[1,0,3],[1,0,0],[0,2,3],[0,2,0],[0,0,3],[0,0,0]]
The traverse
and sequence
functions should be compatible in the following sense:
traverse f xs = sequence (f <$> xs)
sequence = traverse identity
Traversable
instances should also be compatible with the corresponding Foldable
instances, in the following sense:
foldMap f = runConst <<< traverse (Const <<< f)
Default implementations are provided by the following functions:
traverseDefault
sequenceDefault
traverse :: forall a b m. Applicative m => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)
sequence :: forall a m. Applicative m => t (m a) -> m (t a)
Traversable Array
Traversable Maybe
Traversable First
Traversable Last
Traversable Additive
Traversable Dual
Traversable Conj
Traversable Disj
Traversable Multiplicative
Traversable (Either a)
Traversable (Tuple a)
Traversable Identity
Traversable (Const a)
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Product f g)
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Coproduct f g)
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Compose f g)
(Traversable f) => Traversable (App f)
for :: forall a b m t. Applicative m => Traversable t => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m (t b)
A version of traverse
with its arguments flipped.
This can be useful when running an action written using do notation for every element in a data structure:
For example:
for [1, 2, 3] \n -> do
print n
return (n * n)
#scanl Source
scanl :: forall a b f. Traversable f => (b -> a -> b) -> b -> f a -> f b
Fold a data structure from the left, keeping all intermediate results instead of only the final result. Note that the initial value does not appear in the result (unlike Haskell's Prelude.scanl
).
scanl (+) 0 [1,2,3] = [1,3,6]
scanl (-) 10 [1,2,3] = [9,7,4]
#scanr Source
scanr :: forall a b f. Traversable f => (a -> b -> b) -> b -> f a -> f b
Fold a data structure from the right, keeping all intermediate results instead of only the final result. Note that the initial value does not appear in the result (unlike Haskell's Prelude.scanr
).
scanr (+) 0 [1,2,3] = [6,5,3]
scanr (flip (-)) 10 [1,2,3] = [4,5,7]
#mapAccumL Source
mapAccumL :: forall a b s f. Traversable f => (s -> a -> Accum s b) -> s -> f a -> Accum s (f b)
Fold a data structure from the left, keeping all intermediate results instead of only the final result.
Unlike scanl
, mapAccumL
allows the type of accumulator to differ from the element type of the final data structure.
mapAccumR :: forall a b s f. Traversable f => (s -> a -> Accum s b) -> s -> f a -> Accum s (f b)
Fold a data structure from the right, keeping all intermediate results instead of only the final result.
Unlike scanr
, mapAccumR
allows the type of accumulator to differ from the element type of the final data structure.
traverse_ :: forall a b f m. Applicative m => Foldable f => (a -> m b) -> f a -> m Unit
Traverse a data structure, performing some effects encoded by an Applicative
functor at each value, ignoring the final result.
For example:
traverse_ print [1, 2, 3]
#sequence_ Source
sequence_ :: forall a f m. Applicative m => Foldable f => f (m a) -> m Unit
Perform all of the effects in some data structure in the order given by the Foldable
instance, ignoring the final result.
For example:
sequence_ [ trace "Hello, ", trace " world!" ]
#or Source
or :: forall a f. Foldable f => HeytingAlgebra a => f a -> a
The disjunction of all the values in a data structure. When specialized to Boolean
, this function will test whether any of the values in a data structure is true
.
oneOf :: forall f g a. Foldable f => Plus g => f (g a) -> g a
Combines a collection of elements using the Alt
operation.
minimumBy :: forall a f. Foldable f => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> f a -> Maybe a
Find the smallest element of a structure, according to a given comparison function. The comparison function should represent a total ordering (see the Ord
type class laws); if it does not, the behaviour is undefined.
maximumBy :: forall a f. Foldable f => (a -> a -> Ordering) -> f a -> Maybe a
Find the largest element of a structure, according to a given comparison function. The comparison function should represent a total ordering (see the Ord
type class laws); if it does not, the behaviour is undefined.
intercalate :: forall f m. Foldable f => Monoid m => m -> f m -> m
Fold a data structure, accumulating values in some Monoid
, combining adjacent elements using the specified separator.
For example:
> intercalate ", " ["Lorem", "ipsum", "dolor"]
= "Lorem, ipsum, dolor"
> intercalate "*" ["a", "b", "c"]
= "a*b*c"
> intercalate [1] [[2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]
= [2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 1, 6, 7]
#for_ Source
for_ :: forall a b f m. Applicative m => Foldable f => f a -> (a -> m b) -> m Unit
A version of traverse_
with its arguments flipped.
This can be useful when running an action written using do notation for every element in a data structure:
For example:
for_ [1, 2, 3] \n -> do
print n
trace "squared is"
print (n * n)
#foldrDefault Source
foldrDefault :: forall f a b. Foldable f => (a -> b -> b) -> b -> f a -> b
A default implementation of foldr
using foldMap
.
Note: when defining a Foldable
instance, this function is unsafe to use in combination with foldMapDefaultR
.
foldlDefault :: forall f a b. Foldable f => (b -> a -> b) -> b -> f a -> b
A default implementation of foldl
using foldMap
.
Note: when defining a Foldable
instance, this function is unsafe to use in combination with foldMapDefaultL
.
foldMapDefaultR :: forall f a m. Foldable f => Monoid m => (a -> m) -> f a -> m
A default implementation of foldMap
using foldr
.
Note: when defining a Foldable
instance, this function is unsafe to use in combination with foldrDefault
.
foldMapDefaultL :: forall f a m. Foldable f => Monoid m => (a -> m) -> f a -> m
A default implementation of foldMap
using foldl
.
Note: when defining a Foldable
instance, this function is unsafe to use in combination with foldlDefault
.
fold :: forall f m. Foldable f => Monoid m => f m -> m
Fold a data structure, accumulating values in some Monoid
.
any :: forall a b f. Foldable f => HeytingAlgebra b => (a -> b) -> f a -> b
any f
is the same as or <<< map f
; map a function over the structure, and then get the disjunction of the results.
and :: forall a f. Foldable f => HeytingAlgebra a => f a -> a
The conjunction of all the values in a data structure. When specialized to Boolean
, this function will test whether all of the values in a data structure are true
.
all :: forall a b f. Foldable f => HeytingAlgebra b => (a -> b) -> f a -> b
all f
is the same as and <<< map f
; map a function over the structure, and then get the conjunction of the results.
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