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Showing content from https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2018edition/functions/../xrat/contents.html below:

CONTENTS

• Rationale for Base Definitions
  • Introduction
    • Scope
      • Scope of POSIX.1-2017
      • POSIX.1 and the ISO C Standard
      • FIPS Requirements
    • Conformance
    • Normative References
    • Change History
    • Terminology
    • conformance document
    • implementation-defined
    • may
    • shall
    • should
    • obsolescent
    • legacy
    • system documentation
    • undefined
    • unspecified
    • macro
    • symbolic name
    • symbolic constant
    • Definitions and Concepts
    • Portability
      • Codes
      • Margin Code Notation
  • Conformance
    • Implementation Conformance
      • Requirements
      • Documentation
      • POSIX Conformance
      • XSI Conformance
      • Option Groups
      • Subprofiling Considerations
      • Options
    • Application Conformance
      • Strictly Conforming POSIX Application
      • Conforming POSIX Application
      • Conforming POSIX Application Using Extensions
      • Strictly Conforming XSI Application
      • Conforming XSI Application Using Extensions
    • Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming Language
    • Other Language-Related Specifications
  • Definitions
    • Appropriate Privileges
    • Base Character*
    • Byte
    • Character
    • Child Process
    • Clock Tick
    • Command
    • Column Positions
    • Controlling Terminal
    • Device Number*
    • Direct I/O
    • Directory
    • Directory Entry
    • Display
    • Dot
    • Dot-Dot
    • Epoch
    • FIFO Special File
    • File
    • File Classes
    • Filename
    • File System
    • Graphic Character
    • Group Database
    • Group File*
    • Historical Implementations*
    • Hosted Implementation*
    • Implementation*
    • Incomplete Pathname*
    • Job Control
    • Kernel*
    • Library Routine*
    • Logical Device*
    • Map
    • Memory-Resident
    • Memory Object*
    • Mount Point*
    • Mounted File System*
    • Name
    • Native Implementation*
    • Nice Value
    • Open File Description
    • Orphaned Process Group
    • Page
    • Pathname
    • Passwd File*
    • Parent Directory
    • Pipe
    • Portable Filename Character Set
    • Process Lifetime
    • Process Termination
    • Regular File
    • Root Directory
    • Root File System*
    • Root of a File System*
    • Signal
    • Superuser*
    • Supplementary Group ID
    • Symbolic Constant
    • Symbolic Link
    • Synchronously-Generated Signal
    • System Call*
    • System Console
    • System Databases
    • System Process
    • System Reboot
    • Synchronized I/O Data (and File) Integrity Completion
    • Text File
    • Thread
    • Thread ID
    • Thread-Safe Function
    • User Database
    • Virtual Processor*
    • XSI
  • General Concepts
    • Concurrent Execution
    • Directory Protection
    • Extended Security Controls
    • File Access Permissions
    • File Hierarchy
    • Filenames
    • Filename Portability
    • File Times Update
    • Host and Network Byte Order
    • Measurement of Execution Time
    • Memory Synchronization
    • Pathname Resolution
    • Process ID Reuse
    • Scheduling Policy
    • Seconds Since the Epoch
    • Semaphore
    • Thread-Safety
    • Tracing
    • Treatment of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions
    • Treatment of NaN Arguments for Mathematical Functions
    • Utility
    • Variable Assignment
  • File Format Notation
  • Character Set
    • Portable Character Set
    • Character Encoding
    • C Language Wide-Character Codes
    • Character Set Description File
      • State-Dependent Character Encodings
  • Locale
    • General
    • POSIX Locale
    • Locale Definition
      • LC_CTYPE
      • LC_COLLATE
      • LC_MONETARY
      • LC_NUMERIC
      • LC_TIME
      • LC_MESSAGES
    • Locale Definition Grammar
      • Locale Lexical Conventions
      • Locale Grammar
    • Locale Definition Example
  • Environment Variables
    • Environment Variable Definition
    • Internationalization Variables
    • Other Environment Variables
      • COLUMNS, LINES
      • LOGNAME
      • PATH
      • SHELL
      • TZ
  • Regular Expressions
    • Regular Expression Definitions
    • Regular Expression General Requirements
    • Basic Regular Expressions
      • BREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element
      • BRE Ordinary Characters
      • BRE Special Characters
      • Periods in BREs
      • RE Bracket Expression
      • BREs Matching Multiple Characters
      • BRE Precedence
      • BRE Expression Anchoring
    • Extended Regular Expressions
      • EREs Matching a Single Character or Collating Element
      • ERE Ordinary Characters
      • ERE Special Characters
      • Periods in EREs
      • ERE Bracket Expression
      • EREs Matching Multiple Characters
      • ERE Alternation
      • ERE Precedence
      • ERE Expression Anchoring
    • Regular Expression Grammar
      • BRE/ERE Grammar Lexical Conventions
      • RE and Bracket Expression Grammar
      • ERE Grammar
  • Directory Structure and Devices
    • Directory Structure and Files
    • Output Devices and Terminal Types
  • General Terminal Interface
    • Interface Characteristics
      • Opening a Terminal Device File
      • Process Groups
      • The Controlling Terminal
      • Terminal Access Control
      • Input Processing and Reading Data
      • Canonical Mode Input Processing
      • Non-Canonical Mode Input Processing
      • Writing Data and Output Processing
      • Special Characters
      • Modem Disconnect
      • Closing a Terminal Device File
    • Parameters that Can be Set
      • The termios Structure
      • Input Modes
      • Output Modes
      • Control Modes
      • Local Modes
      • Special Control Characters
  • Utility Conventions
    • Utility Argument Syntax
    • Utility Syntax Guidelines
  • Headers
    • Format of Entries
    • Removed Headers in Issue 7
• Rationale for System Interfaces
  • Introduction
    • Change History
      • Changes from Issue 6 to Issue 7 (POSIX.1-2017)
      • New Features in Issue 7
      • Newly Mandated Functions in Issue 7
      • Obsolescent Functions in Issue 7
      • Removed Functions and Symbols in Issue 7
    • Relationship to Other Formal Standards
    • Format of Entries
  • General Information
    • Use and Implementation of Interfaces
    • The Compilation Environment
      • POSIX.1 Symbols
      • The _POSIX_C_SOURCE Feature Test Macro
      • The _XOPEN_SOURCE Feature Test Macro
      • The Name Space
    • Error Numbers
      • Alternative Solutions for Per-Thread errno
      • Disallowing Return of the [EINTR] Error Code
      • Additional Error Numbers
    • Signal Concepts
      • Signal Names
      • Signal Generation and Delivery
      • Realtime Signal Generation and Delivery
      • Signal Actions
      • Signal Effects on Other Functions
    • Standard I/O Streams
      • Interaction of File Descriptors and Standard I/O Streams
      • Stream Orientation and Encoding Rules
    • STREAMS
      • Accessing STREAMS
    • XSI Interprocess Communication
      • IPC General Information
    • Realtime
      • Advisory Information
      • Message Passing
      • Semaphores
      • Realtime Signals
      • Realtime Signals Extension
      • Asynchronous I/O
      • Overview
      • Models
      • Requirements
      • Standardization Issues
      • Memory Management
      • Memory Locking Functions
      • Mapped Files Functions
      • Shared Memory Functions
      • Typed Memory Functions
      • Process Scheduling
      • Sporadic Server Scheduling Policy
      • Clocks and Timers
      • Rationale for the Monotonic Clock
      • Execution Time Monitoring
      • Rationale Relating to Timeouts
    • Threads
      • Thread Creation Attributes
      • Thread Implementation Models
      • Thread-Specific Data
      • Barriers
      • Spin Locks
      • Robust Mutexes
      • Supported Threads Functions
      • Threads Extensions
      • Thread-Safety
      • Thread IDs
      • Thread Mutexes
      • Thread Scheduling
      • Scheduling Contention Scope
      • Scheduling Allocation Domain
      • Scheduling Documentation
      • Scheduling Contention Scope Attribute
      • Mixed Scopes
      • Dynamic Thread Scheduling Parameters Access
      • Mutex Initialization Scheduling Attributes
      • Change the Priority Ceiling of a Mutex
      • Thread Cancellation
      • Specifying the Operation to Cancel
      • A Special Signal Versus a Special Interface
      • Races Between Cancellation and Resuming Execution
      • Interaction of Cancellation with Asynchronous Signals
      • Thread Cancellation Overview
      • Thread Read-Write Locks
      • Background
      • Queuing of Waiting Threads
      • Comparison to fcntl() Locks
      • History of Resolution Issues
      • Thread Interactions with Regular File Operations
      • Use of Application-Managed Thread Stacks
    • Sockets
      • Address Families
      • Addressing
      • Protocols
      • Routing
      • Interfaces
      • Socket Types
      • Socket I/O Mode
      • Socket Owner
      • Socket Queue Limits
      • Pending Error
      • Socket Receive Queue
      • Socket Out-of-Band Data State
      • Connection Indication Queue
      • Signals
      • Asynchronous Errors
      • Use of Options
      • Use of Sockets for Local UNIX Connections
      • Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols
      • Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv4
      • Use of Sockets over Internet Protocols Based on IPv6
    • Tracing
      • Objectives
      • Detailed Objectives
      • Comments on Objectives
      • Trace Model
      • Introduction
      • Trace Model Description
      • States of a Trace Stream
      • Tracing All Processes
      • Trace Storage
      • Trace Programming Examples
      • Trace Operation Control
      • First Example
      • Second Example
      • Application Instrumentation
      • Trace Analyzer
      • First Example
      • Second Example
      • Several Programming Manipulations
      • Trace Stream Attribute Manipulation
      • Create a Trace Event Type Set and Change the Trace Event Type Filter
      • Retrieve Information from a Trace Log
      • Retrieve the List of Trace Event Types Used in a Trace Log
      • Rationale on Trace for Debugging
      • Rationale on Trace Event Type Name Space
      • Rationale on Trace Events Type Filtering
      • Filtering of Trace Event Types Before Tracing
      • Filtering of Trace Event Types at Runtime
      • Post-Mortem Filtering of Trace Event Types
      • Discussions about Trace Event Type Filtering
      • Tracing, pthread API
      • Example
      • Rationale on Triggering
      • Rationale on Timestamp Clock
      • Rationale on Different Overrun Conditions
      • Overrun in Trace Streams Initialized with POSIX_TRACE_LOOP Policy
      • Overrun in Dumping Trace Streams into Trace Logs
      • Reading an Active Trace Stream
    • Data Types
      • Defined Types
      • The char Type
      • Pointer Types
    • Footnotes
  • System Interfaces
    • System Interfaces Removed in this Version
      • bcmp()
      • bcopy()
      • bsd_signal()
      • bzero()
      • ecvt(), fcvt(), gcvt()
      • ftime()
      • getcontext(), makecontext(), swapcontext()
      • gethostbyaddr(), gethostbyname()
      • getwd()
      • h_errno
      • index()
      • makecontext()
      • mktemp()
      • pthread_attr_getstackaddr(), pthread_attr_setstackaddr()
      • rindex()
      • scalb()
      • ualarm()
      • usleep()
      • vfork()
      • wcswcs()
    • System Interfaces Removed in the Previous Version
    • Examples for Spawn
      • Example Library Implementation of Spawn
      • I/O Redirection with Spawn
      • Spawning a Process Under a New User ID
• Rationale for Shell and Utilities
  • Introduction
    • Change History
      • Changes from Issue 6 to Issue 7 (POSIX.1-2017)
      • New Features in Issue 7
    • Relationship to Other Documents
      • System Interfaces
      • File Read, Write, and Creation
      • File Removal
      • Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard
    • Utility Limits
    • Grammar Conventions
    • Utility Description Defaults
      • NAME
      • SYNOPSIS
      • DESCRIPTION
      • OPTIONS
      • OPERANDS
      • STDIN
      • INPUT FILES
      • ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
      • ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
      • STDOUT
      • STDERR
      • OUTPUT FILES
      • EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
      • EXIT STATUS
      • CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
      • APPLICATION USAGE
      • EXAMPLES
      • RATIONALE
      • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
      • SEE ALSO
      • CHANGE HISTORY
    • Considerations for Utilities in Support of Files of Arbitrary Size
    • Built-In Utilities
  • Shell Command Language
    • Shell Introduction
    • Quoting
      • Escape Character (Backslash)
      • Single-Quotes
      • Double-Quotes
    • Token Recognition
      • Alias Substitution
    • Reserved Words
    • Parameters and Variables
      • Positional Parameters
      • Special Parameters
      • Shell Variables
    • Word Expansions
      • Tilde Expansion
      • Parameter Expansion
      • Command Substitution
      • Arithmetic Expansion
      • Field Splitting
      • Pathname Expansion
      • Quote Removal
    • Redirection
      • Redirecting Input
      • Redirecting Output
      • Appending Redirected Output
      • Here-Document
      • Duplicating an Input File Descriptor
      • Duplicating an Output File Descriptor
      • Open File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
    • Exit Status and Errors
      • Consequences of Shell Errors
      • Exit Status for Commands
    • Shell Commands
      • Simple Commands
      • Command Search and Execution
      • Examples
      • Pipelines
      • Exit Status
      • Lists
      • Asynchronous Lists
      • Sequential Lists
      • AND Lists
      • OR Lists
      • Compound Commands
      • Grouping Commands
      • For Loop
      • Case Conditional Construct
      • If Conditional Construct
      • While Loop
      • Until Loop
      • Function Definition Command
    • Shell Grammar
      • Shell Grammar Lexical Conventions
      • Shell Grammar Rules
    • Signals and Error Handling
    • Shell Execution Environment
    • Pattern Matching Notation
      • Patterns Matching a Single Character
      • Patterns Matching Multiple Characters
      • Examples
      • Patterns Used for Filename Expansion
    • Special Built-In Utilities
  • Batch Environment Services and Utilities
    • Scope of the Batch Environment Services and Utilities Option
    • History of Batch Systems
    • Historical Implementations of Batch Systems
    • NQS Differences from the at utility
    • Batch Environment Services and Utilities Option Definitions
    • Batch General Concepts
    • Batch Services
    • Common Behavior for Batch Environment Utilities
  • Utilities
    • Utilities Removed in this Version
    • Utilities Removed in the Previous Version
    • Exclusion of Utilities
• Portability Considerations (Informative)
  • User Requirements
    • Configuration Interrogation
    • Process Management
    • Access to Data
    • Access to the Environment
    • Access to Determinism and Performance Enhancements
    • Operating System-Dependent Profile
    • I/O Interaction
    • Internationalization Interaction
    • C-Language Extensions
    • Command Language
    • Interactive Facilities
    • Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously
    • Complex Data Manipulation
    • File Hierarchy Manipulation
    • Locale Configuration
    • Inter-User Communication
    • System Environment
    • Printing
    • Software Development
  • Portability Capabilities
    • Configuration Interrogation
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Process Management
    • Access to Data
    • Access to the Environment
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Bounded (Realtime) Response
    • Operating System-Dependent Profile
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • I/O Interaction
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Internationalization Interaction
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • C-Language Extensions
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Command Language
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Interactive Facilities
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Accomplish Multiple Tasks Simultaneously
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Complex Data Manipulation
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • File Hierarchy Manipulation
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Locale Configuration
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Inter-User Communication
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • System Environment
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Printing
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Software Development
      • Unsatisfied Requirements
    • Future Growth
  • Profiling Considerations
    • Configuration Options
    • Configuration Options (Shell and Utilities)
    • Configurable Limits
    • Configuration Options (System Interfaces)
    • Configurable Limits
    • Optional Behavior
    • Footnotes
• Subprofiling Considerations (Informative)
  • Subprofiling Option Groups
    • Footnotes

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