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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34349740/ below:

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Bacterial Infections: Principles, Advantages, and Shortcomings

Review

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683580. eCollection 2021. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Bacterial Infections: Principles, Advantages, and Shortcomings

Affiliations

¹ Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China.
⁴ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
⁵ School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
⁶ Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.

PMID: 34349740
PMCID: PMC8327204
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683580

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Review

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Bacterial Infections: Principles, Advantages, and Shortcomings

Liang Wang et al. Front Microbiol. 2021.

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683580. eCollection 2021. Affiliations

¹ Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China.
⁴ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
⁵ School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
⁶ Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.

PMID: 34349740
PMCID: PMC8327204
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683580

Item in Clipboard

Abstract

Infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are important public issues. In addition, due to the overuse of antibiotics, many multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens have been widely encountered in clinical settings. Thus, the fast identification of bacteria pathogens and profiling of antibiotic resistance could greatly facilitate the precise treatment strategy of infectious diseases. So far, many conventional and molecular methods, both manual or automatized, have been developed for in vitro diagnostics, which have been proven to be accurate, reliable, and time efficient. Although Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an established technique in various fields such as geochemistry and material science, it is still considered as an emerging tool in research and diagnosis of infectious diseases. Based on current studies, it is too early to claim that RS may provide practical guidelines for microbiologists and clinicians because there is still a gap between basic research and clinical implementation. However, due to the promising prospects of label-free detection and noninvasive identification of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in several single steps, it is necessary to have an overview of the technique in terms of its strong points and shortcomings. Thus, in this review, we went through recent studies of RS in the field of infectious diseases, highlighting the application potentials of the technique and also current challenges that prevent its real-world applications.

Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; antibiotic resistance; bacterial pathogen; infectious disease; machine learning.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures
FIGURE 1

Schematic illustration of the basic…

FIGURE 1

Schematic illustration of the basic principles of Raman effects and the brief architecture…

FIGURE 1

Schematic illustration of the basic principles of Raman effects and the brief architecture of Raman spectroscopy. (A) Raman spectrum energy level diagram, which shows the transition process of infrared light irradiation, Stokes rays, anti-Stokes rays, Rayleigh scattering, and Raman scattering. hv_k, initial irradiation energy; E₀, ground state; E₁, vibration excited state; E₀+hv₀ and E₁+hv₀, excited virtual state. (B) Schematic diagram of Raman spectroscopy. After the incident light is irradiated, the molecules reach an excited state. The light of different frequencies during the scattering process is Raman scattering, which is reflected on the grating and captured by the detector.

FIGURE 2

Schematic illustration of the workflow…

FIGURE 2

Schematic illustration of the workflow of Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).…

FIGURE 2

Schematic illustration of the workflow of Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). (A) Workflow of Raman spectroscopy obtaining information on molecular structure via molecular vibrations and rotations for bacterial classification and antibiotic resistance profiling. (B) Procedures of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Samples were measured while being adsorbed on the surface of colloidal metal nanoparticles such as silver (AgNPs), gold, or copper in order to improve signal intensity.