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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29507820/ below:

Cancer screening recommendations: an international comparison of high income countries

Review

doi: 10.1186/s40985-018-0080-0. eCollection 2018. Cancer screening recommendations: an international comparison of high income countries

Affiliations

¹ 1College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 125 Miller Hall, UGA Health Sciences, GA 30602 Athens, Georgia USA.
² 2Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA.
³ Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership Campus, Athens, Georgia USA.

PMID: 29507820
PMCID: PMC5833039
DOI: 10.1186/s40985-018-0080-0

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Review

Cancer screening recommendations: an international comparison of high income countries

Mark H Ebell et al. Public Health Rev. 2018.

doi: 10.1186/s40985-018-0080-0. eCollection 2018. Affiliations

¹ 1College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 125 Miller Hall, UGA Health Sciences, GA 30602 Athens, Georgia USA.
² 2Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA.
³ Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership Campus, Athens, Georgia USA.

PMID: 29507820
PMCID: PMC5833039
DOI: 10.1186/s40985-018-0080-0

Item in Clipboard

Abstract

Background: Recommendations regarding cancer screening vary from country to country, and may also vary within countries depending on the organization making the recommendations. The goal of this study was to summarize the cancer screening recommendations from the 21 countries with the highest per capita spending on healthcare.

Main body: Cancer screening guidelines were identified for each country based on a review of the medical literature, internet searches, and contact with key informants in most countries. The highest level recommendation was identified for each country, in the order of national recommendation, cancer society recommendation, or medical specialty society recommendation. Breast cancer screening recommendations were generally consistent across countries, most commonly recommending mammography biennially from ages 50 to 69 or 70 years. In the USA, specialty societies generally offered more intensive screening recommendations. All countries also recommend cervical cancer screening, although there is some heterogeneity regarding the test (cytology or HPV or both) and the age of initiation and screening interval. Most countries recommend colorectal cancer screening using fecal immunochemical (FIT) testing, while only seven countries recommend general or selective screening for prostate cancer, and a similar number explicitly recommend against screening for prostate cancer. Screening for lung and skin cancer is only recommended by a few countries. Greater per capita healthcare expenditures are not associated with greater screening intensity, with the possible exception of prostate cancer.

Conclusions: Guidelines for cancer screening differ between countries, with areas of commonality but also clear differences. Recommendations have important commonalities for well-established cancer screening programs such as breast and cervical cancer, with greater variation between countries regarding prostate, colorectal, lung, and skin cancer screening. Ideally, recommendations should be made by a professionally diverse, independent panel of experts that make evidence-based recommendations regarding screening based on the benefits, harms, and available resources in that country's context.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer screening; Cervical cancer; Colorectal cancer; Healthcare economics; Lung cancer; Overdiagnosis; Prostate cancer; Skin cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

Not applicableNot applicableThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures
Fig. 1

This figure shows the relationship…

Fig. 1

This figure shows the relationship between per capita spending on healthcare with the…

Fig. 1

This figure shows the relationship between per capita spending on healthcare with the number of lifetime screening tests recommended for a) breast cancer (mammography), b) cervical cancer (cytology or HPV), and c) colorectal cancer (FIT)