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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27327801/ below:

Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012

. 2016 Jun 21;315(23):2542-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491. Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012

Affiliations

¹ Office of Community and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York2Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
² Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
³ Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts3Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle.

PMID: 27327801
PMCID: PMC6287627
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491

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Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012

Colin D Rehm et al. JAMA. 2016.

. 2016 Jun 21;315(23):2542-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491. Affiliations

¹ Office of Community and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York2Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
² Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts.
³ Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, Massachusetts3Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle.

PMID: 27327801
PMCID: PMC6287627
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491

Item in Clipboard

Abstract

Importance: Most studies of US dietary trends have evaluated major macronutrients or only a few dietary factors. Understanding trends in summary measures of diet quality for multiple individual foods and nutrients, and the corresponding disparities among population subgroups, is crucial to identify challenges and opportunities to improve dietary intake for all US adults.

Objective: To characterize trends in overall diet quality and multiple dietary components related to major diseases among US adults, including by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income.

Design, setting, and participants: Repeated cross-sectional investigation using 24-hour dietary recalls in nationally representative samples including 33,932 noninstitutionalized US adults aged 20 years or older from 7 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (1999-2012). The sample size per cycle ranged from 4237 to 5762.

Exposures: Calendar year and population sociodemographic subgroups.

Main outcomes and measures: Survey-weighted, energy-adjusted mean consumption and proportion meeting targets of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 continuous diet scores, AHA score components (primary: total fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish and shellfish, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sodium; secondary: nuts, seeds, and legumes, processed meat, and saturated fat), and other individual food groups and nutrients.

Results: Several overall dietary improvements were identified (P < .01 for trend for each). The AHA primary diet score (maximum of 50 points) improved from 19.0 to 21.2 (an improvement of 11.6%). The AHA secondary diet score (maximum of 80 points) improved from 35.1 to 38.5 (an improvement of 9.7%). Changes were attributable to increased consumption between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 of whole grains (0.43 servings/d; 95% CI, 0.34-0.53 servings/d) and nuts or seeds (0.25 servings/d; 95% CI, 0.18-0.34 servings/d) (fish and shellfish intake also increased slightly) and to decreased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (0.49 servings/d; 95% CI, 0.28-0.70 servings/d). No significant trend was observed for other score components, including total fruits and vegetables, processed meat, saturated fat, or sodium. The estimated percentage of US adults with poor diets (defined as <40% adherence to the primary AHA diet score components) declined from 55.9% to 45.6%, whereas the percentage with intermediate diets (defined as 40% to 79.9% adherence to the primary AHA diet score components) increased from 43.5% to 52.9%. Other dietary trends included increased consumption of whole fruit (0.15 servings/d; 95% CI, 0.05-0.26 servings/d) and decreased consumption of 100% fruit juice (0.11 servings/d; 95% CI, 0.04-0.18 servings/d). Disparities in diet quality were observed by race/ethnicity, education, and income level; for example, the estimated percentage of non-Hispanic white adults with a poor diet significantly declined (53.9% to 42.8%), whereas similar improvements were not observed for non-Hispanic black or Mexican American adults. There was little evidence of reductions in these disparities and some evidence of worsening by income level.

Conclusions and relevance: In nationally representative US surveys conducted between 1999 and 2012, several improvements in self-reported dietary habits were identified, with additional findings suggesting persistent or worsening disparities based on race/ethnicity, education level, and income level. These findings may inform discussions on emerging successes, areas for greater attention, and corresponding opportunities to improve the diets of individuals living in the United States.

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Conflict of interest statement

Other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Figures
Figure 1.

Trends in mean consumption of…

Figure 1.

Trends in mean consumption of fruits (Panel A), vegetables (Panel B), grains (Panel…

Figure 1.

Trends in mean consumption of fruits (Panel A), vegetables (Panel B), grains (Panel C), and nuts/seeds, legumes and eggs (Panel D) among US adults, based on NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. All values energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method. Serving sizes: fruits, vegetables, legumes: 1 cup; grains, nuts/seeds, eggs: 1-oz equivalents.

Figure 2.

Trends in mean consumption of…

Figure 2.

Trends in mean consumption of meats and seafood (Panel A), dairy (Panel B),…

Figure 2.

Trends in mean consumption of meats and seafood (Panel A), dairy (Panel B), added sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages, and low/non-calorie sweetened beverages (Panel C), and dietary fats (Panel D) among US adults, based on NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. Values in Panels A-C are energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method. Serving sizes: meats, seafood: 3.5-oz equivalents; dairy: 1 cup; sugar-sweetened or low-calorie beverages: 8 fluid oz. PUFA=polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA=monounsaturated fatty acid, SFA=saturated fatty acid.

Figure 3.

Percent change in intake of…

Figure 3.

Percent change in intake of food groups (Panel A) and nutrients of interest…

Figure 3.

Percent change in intake of food groups (Panel A) and nutrients of interest (Panel B). Analyses are based on energy-adjusted values to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method. * p-trend<0.05; ** p-trend<0.01; *** p-trend<0.001

Figure 4.

Trends in the proportion of…

Figure 4.

Trends in the proportion of US adults meeting dietary recommendations, based on NHANES…

Figure 4.

Trends in the proportion of US adults meeting dietary recommendations, based on NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. Recommendation levels are provided and are based on the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (for total vegetables, vegetables excluding starchy vegetables, total fruit, whole-grains, refined grains, nuts/seeds, seafood, calcium, added sugars, sodium and saturated fat; the American Heart Association 2020 Strategic Impact Goals (sugar-sweetened beverages; the Global Burden of Diseases study optimal intake levels (unprocessed red meat, processed meat); and pragmatic or alternative cutpoints (whole fruit, fruit juice, whole-grains [1+ serving]). Analyses are based on energy-adjusted values to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method. Serving sizes: fruits, vegetables: 1 cup; grains, nuts/seeds: 1-oz equivalents; meats, seafood: 3.5-oz equivalents. * p-trend<0.05; ** p-trend<0.01; *** p-trend<0.001; # 1999–2002 estimates could not be reliably imputed by the NCI method (see Supplemental Materials for details).

Figure 5.

Trends in mean consumption of…

Figure 5.

Trends in mean consumption of nuts/seeds by education (Panel A), fruit by family…

Figure 5.

Trends in mean consumption of nuts/seeds by education (Panel A), fruit by family income (Panel B) and sugar-sweetened beverages by age (Panel C) among US adults, based on NHANES data from 1999 to 2012. All values are energy-adjusted to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method. Serving sizes: nuts/seeds: 1-oz equivalent; fruit: 1 cup; sugar-sweetened beverages: 8 fluid oz.