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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24779548/ below:

Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries

. 2014 Aug;19(8):894-905. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12329. Epub 2014 Apr 30. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries Jamie Bartram, Thomas Clasen, John M Colford Jr, Oliver Cumming, Valerie Curtis, Sophie Bonjour, Alan D Dangour, Jennifer De France, Lorna Fewtrell, Matthew C Freeman, Bruce Gordon, Paul R Hunter, Richard B Johnston, Colin Mathers, Daniel Mäusezahl, Kate Medlicott, Maria Neira, Meredith Stocks, Jennyfer Wolf, Sandy Cairncross

Affiliations

Affiliation

¹ Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

PMID: 24779548
PMCID: PMC4255749
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12329

Free PMC article

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Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries

Annette Prüss-Ustün et al. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 Aug.

Free PMC article . 2014 Aug;19(8):894-905. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12329. Epub 2014 Apr 30. Authors Annette Prüss-Ustün¹, Jamie Bartram, Thomas Clasen, John M Colford Jr, Oliver Cumming, Valerie Curtis, Sophie Bonjour, Alan D Dangour, Jennifer De France, Lorna Fewtrell, Matthew C Freeman, Bruce Gordon, Paul R Hunter, Richard B Johnston, Colin Mathers, Daniel Mäusezahl, Kate Medlicott, Maria Neira, Meredith Stocks, Jennyfer Wolf, Sandy Cairncross Affiliation

¹ Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

PMID: 24779548
PMCID: PMC4255749
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12329

Item in Clipboard

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other diseases.

Methods: For estimating the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhoea, we selected exposure levels with both sufficient global exposure data and a matching exposure-risk relationship. Global exposure data were estimated for the year 2012, and risk estimates were taken from the most recent systematic analyses. We estimated attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by country, age and sex for inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene separately, and as a cluster of risk factors. Uncertainty estimates were computed on the basis of uncertainty surrounding exposure estimates and relative risks.

Results: In 2012, 502,000 diarrhoea deaths were estimated to be caused by inadequate drinking water and 280,000 deaths by inadequate sanitation. The most likely estimate of disease burden from inadequate hand hygiene amounts to 297,000 deaths. In total, 842,000 diarrhoea deaths are estimated to be caused by this cluster of risk factors, which amounts to 1.5% of the total disease burden and 58% of diarrhoeal diseases. In children under 5 years old, 361,000 deaths could be prevented, representing 5.5% of deaths in that age group.

Conclusions: This estimate confirms the importance of improving water and sanitation in low- and middle-income settings for the prevention of diarrhoeal disease burden. It also underscores the need for better data on exposure and risk reductions that can be achieved with provision of reliable piped water, community sewage with treatment and hand hygiene.

Keywords: Charge de morbidité; agua; assainissement; burden of disease; carga de enfermedad; diarrea; diarrhoea; diarrhée; eau; higiene; hygiene; hygiène; saneamiento; sanitation; water.

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Figures
Figure 1

Exposure levels and associated risks…

Figure 1

Exposure levels and associated risks for drinking water-related burden of disease estimates.

Figure 1

Exposure levels and associated risks for drinking water-related burden of disease estimates.