Figure 1.
Connections of V1 in tangential…
Figure 1.
Connections of V1 in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 1.Connections of V1 in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (yellow, high-density clusters are marked by even higher-density red–brown centers) after injection of BDA into V1 (arrow). Blue labeling in a represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. c, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4, showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. d, CO-stained tangential section through layer 4, showing differential expression across cerebral cortex. Scale bars, 1 mm. Axes: A, anterior; P, posterior; M, medial; L, lateral. Arrows indicate injection site. A, Anterior; AID, anterior dorsal insula; AIV, anterior ventral insula; AL, anterolateral; AM, anteromedial; Amy, amygdala; AOB, accessory olfactory bulb; Au, auditory; CA1, hippocampus; CC, corpus callosum; Cg1, cingulate 1; Cg2, cingulate 2; DA, dorsal anterior; DLO, dorsal lateral orbital; DP, dorsal posterior; FrA, frontal association; IL, infralimbic; LEC, lateral entorhinal; LI, lateral intermediate; LM, lateral medial; LO, lateral orbital; M1, motor 1; M2, motor 2; MEC, medial entorhinal; MM, mediomedial; MO, medial orbital; OB, olfactory bulb; P, posterior; PaS, parasubiculum; Pir, piriform; PM, posterior medial; POR, postrhinal; PrL, prelimbic; PrS, presubiculum; PV, parietal ventral; rf, rhinal fissure; RL, rostrolateral; RSD, retrosplenial dysgranular; RSG, retrosplenial granular; S1, somatosensory 1; S2, somatosensory 2; TEa, temporal anterior; TEp, temporal posterior; Tu, olfactory tubercle; V1, primary visual; VO, ventral orbital. Abbreviations apply to subsequent figures.
Figure 2.
Connections of POR in tangential…
Figure 2.
Connections of POR in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 2.Connections of POR in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into POR (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 3.
Connections of A in tangential…
Figure 3.
Connections of A in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 3.Connections of A in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area A (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 4.
Relative strength of connections labeled…
Figure 4.
Relative strength of connections labeled after injection of BDA into areas V1, LM,…
Figure 4.Relative strength of connections labeled after injection of BDA into areas V1, LM, LI, P, POR, AL, PM, RL, AM, and A of mouse visual cortex. a–k, Average ± SEM optical density (y-axis) of a specific projection target (x-axis) scaled by the summed density of all projections labeled by an injection of a specific area (red bar). Target regions indicated in black have unidirectional connections with the source region. Green labels indicate reciprocal connections. Open bars indicate that labeling was not strong enough for quantification. The percentages indicated by arrows represent the strengths of connections (excluding V1) in the ventral (red shading) and dorsal (blue shading) areas.
Figure 5.
Connections of the LI in…
Figure 5.
Connections of the LI in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a…
Figure 5.Connections of the LI in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area LI (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 6.
Connections of P in tangential…
Figure 6.
Connections of P in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 6.Connections of P in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area P (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern in of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 7.
Connections of PM in tangential…
Figure 7.
Connections of PM in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 7.Connections of PM in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area PM (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 8.
Connections of RL in tangential…
Figure 8.
Connections of RL in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 8.Connections of RL in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area RL (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 9.
Connections of AM in tangential…
Figure 9.
Connections of AM in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a ,…
Figure 9.Connections of AM in tangential sections through flat-mounted mouse cerebral cortex. a, Dark-field image of wet-mounted, unstained section through layer 4 showing bright myelin-rich cortical fields. b, Dark-field image of anterogradely labeled axonal projections (white) after injection of BDA into area AM (arrow). c, Blue labeling represents landmark pattern of retrogradely bisbenzimide-labeled callosal projection neurons. d, Overlay of callosal connections (blue) and BDA-labeled projections (white). Scale bars, 1 mm. Arrows indicate injection site.
Figure 10.
Projection densities are unique for…
Figure 10.
Projection densities are unique for each target area and follow a lognormal distribution.…
Figure 10.Projection densities are unique for each target area and follow a lognormal distribution. a–k, Circles and error bars represent the mean and SDs of individual measurements of optical density (same sample sizes as in Fig. 4), and projections are ordered by mean density for each of the 10 source areas under study. The curves represent an average over 10,000 random samples obtained from a log-normal distribution with the same mean and SD and an equal number of points as the data. The shaded area is defined by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the 10,000 samples. Colors at the bottom of each plot label the target areas by their association with the ventral (red) and dorsal (blue) streams.
Figure 11.
Connection matrix and similarity structure.…
Figure 11.
Connection matrix and similarity structure. a , The matrix summarizes the density of…
Figure 11.Connection matrix and similarity structure. a, The matrix summarizes the density of projections (measured as optical density) from 10 source areas to 40 target areas. The submatrix M includes data on all reciprocal projections between the 10 areas at the extreme left of the plot. b, The normalized dot product matrix, a measure of the similarity of the projection patterns of the 10 areas plotted here. The matrix was reordered using an optimization algorithm to minimize distances (vector angles) between neighboring regions. c, Two-dimensional layout of connection patterns of areas V1, LM, LI, P, POR, AL, PM, RL, AM, and A after NMDS (stress = 0.0513). d, PCA. Layout in two principal dimensions capturing 36 and 14% of the variance, respectively.
Figure 12.
Modularity structure. a , Graphical…
Figure 12.
Modularity structure. a , Graphical layout of the connectivity of the submatrix M,…
Figure 12.Modularity structure. a, Graphical layout of the connectivity of the submatrix M, after optimizing the position of the nodes (areas) using the Kamada–Kawai force-based energy minimization algorithm. Red areas belong to the ventral module m1. Blue areas belong to the dorsal module m2. V1 is more strongly affiliated with the ventral module and is colored in purple. Connections between pairs of areas are shown as the sum of their reciprocal projection density (darker gray/thicker lines = stronger projections). b, Projection density for 10 source regions to 30 projection areas, arranged by module origin (y-axis). White dots highlight the strongest projection each area receives. c, Ratio of inputs received from the two modules, computed as (Σm1 + Σm2)/(Σm1 − Σm2). A ratio of 1 indicates that the area receives inputs exclusively from module m1, and a ratio of −1 indicates inputs only from module m2. Areas are sorted by the magnitude of the ratio (x-axis).
Figure 13.
Paths, distances, and centrality. a…
Figure 13.
Paths, distances, and centrality. a , Distance matrix recording the topological length of…
Figure 13.Paths, distances, and centrality. a, Distance matrix recording the topological length of the shortest path between sources and targets, computed from the weighted submatrix M. White dots indicate matrix entries in which the shortest path corresponds to a direct connection between areas. All unmarked entries have path lengths of two or three steps, i.e., the shortest path passes through at least one intermediate node. Note that within-module paths are overwhelmingly direct, whereas many indirect paths are found for node pairs located in different modules. b, Betweenness centrality of visual regions in submatrix M, corresponding to the number of shortest paths that pass through each node. Areas LM and AL have highest betweenness centrality, whereas no shortest paths pass through area V1.
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