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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15613366/ below:

Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies

Affiliations

• ¹ Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE. sarah.darby@ctsu.ox.ac.uk

• PMID: 15613366
• PMCID: PMC546066
• DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63

Item in Clipboard

S Darby et al. BMJ. 2005.

• ¹ Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE. sarah.darby@ctsu.ox.ac.uk

• PMID: 15613366
• PMCID: PMC546066
• DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63

Item in Clipboard

Objective: To determine the risk of lung cancer associated with exposure at home to the radioactive disintegration products of naturally occurring radon gas.

Design: Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer.

Setting: Nine European countries.

Subjects: 7148 cases of lung cancer and 14,208 controls.

Main outcome measures: Relative risks of lung cancer and radon gas concentrations in homes inhabited during the previous 5-34 years measured in becquerels (radon disintegrations per second) per cubic metre (Bq/m3) of household air.

Results: The mean measured radon concentration in homes of people in the control group was 97 Bq/m3, with 11% measuring > 200 and 4% measuring > 400 Bq/m3. For cases of lung cancer the mean concentration was 104 Bq/m3. The risk of lung cancer increased by 8.4% (95% confidence interval 3.0% to 15.8%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in measured radon (P = 0.0007). This corresponds to an increase of 16% (5% to 31%) per 100 Bq/m3 increase in usual radon--that is, after correction for the dilution caused by random uncertainties in measuring radon concentrations. The dose-response relation seemed to be linear with no threshold and remained significant (P = 0.04) in analyses limited to individuals from homes with measured radon < 200 Bq/m3. The proportionate excess risk did not differ significantly with study, age, sex, or smoking. In the absence of other causes of death, the absolute risks of lung cancer by age 75 years at usual radon concentrations of 0, 100, and 400 Bq/m3 would be about 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.7%, respectively, for lifelong non-smokers, and about 25 times greater (10%, 12%, and 16%) for cigarette smokers.

Conclusions: Collectively, though not separately, these studies show appreciable hazards from residential radon, particularly for smokers and recent ex-smokers, and indicate that it is responsible for about 2% of all deaths from cancer in Europe.

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Relative risk of lung cancer…

Relative risk of lung cancer according to measured residential radon concentration and usual…

Relative risk of lung cancer according to measured residential radon concentration and usual residential radon concentration, with best fitting straight lines (risks are relative to that at 0 Bq/m³)

Percentage increase in risk of…

Percentage increase in risk of lung cancer per 100 Bq/m ³ increase in…

Percentage increase in risk of lung cancer per 100 Bq/m³ increase in measured radon concentration by study, age, sex, smoking, and histological type. Squares have areas inversely proportional to the square of the standard error of the percentage increase. For the Spanish study, the present non-significantly negative estimate differs from a previously published positive estimate based on quartiles of radon distribution. The negative estimate, based on individual radon concentrations, is dominated by three cases and 17 controls with measured radon ≥400 Bq/m³

Cumulative absolute risk of death…

Cumulative absolute risk of death from lung cancer by age 75 years versus…

Cumulative absolute risk of death from lung cancer by age 75 years versus usual radon concentration at home for cigarette smokers and lifelong non-smokers. Plotted values calculated using relative risks for smoking from men in all studies combined, and absolute risks in lifelong non-smokers from US data for men and women combined. Areas of circles proportional to numbers of controls with usual radon levels in ranges <200, 200-399, 400-599, and ≥600 Bq/m³

• Radon blues.

  Watts G. Watts G. BMJ. 2005 Jan 29;330(7485):226-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38315.668009.63. Epub 2004 Dec 21. BMJ. 2005. PMID: 15613367 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

• Attributable lung cancer risk from radon in homes may be low.

  Puskin JS, Pawel DJ. Puskin JS, et al. BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1151. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1151-a. BMJ. 2005. PMID: 15891242 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

• Residential radon and lung cancer--detailed results of a collaborative analysis of individual data on 7148 persons with lung cancer and 14,208 persons without lung cancer from 13 epidemiologic studies in Europe.

  Darby S, Hill D, Deo H, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Falk R, Farchi S, Figueiras A, Hakama M, Heid I, Hunter N, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Mäkeläinen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario AS, Tirmarche M, Tomásek L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Doll R. Darby S, et al. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32 Suppl 1:1-83. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006. PMID: 16538937

• A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer.

  Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Létourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB. Krewski D, et al. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):533-97. doi: 10.1080/15287390500260945. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006. PMID: 16608828

• Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden.

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• An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies.

  Field RW, Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Klotz JB, Létourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB. Field RW, et al. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):599-631. doi: 10.1080/15287390500260960. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006. PMID: 16608829 Review.

• ICRP Publication 115. Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon.

  Tirmarche M, Harrison JD, Laurier D, Paquet F, Blanchardon E, Marsh JW; International Commission on Radiological Protection. Tirmarche M, et al. Ann ICRP. 2010 Feb;40(1):1-64. doi: 10.1016/j.icrp.2011.08.011. Ann ICRP. 2010. PMID: 22108246 Review.

• The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review.

  Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. Robertson A, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Jul 5;14(7):14024-63. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714024. Int J Mol Sci. 2013. PMID: 23880854 Free PMC article. Review.

• A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Bull F, Burnett RT, Byers TE, Calabria B, Carapetis J, Carnahan E, Chafe Z, Charlson F, Chen H, Chen JS, Cheng AT, Child JC, Cohen A, Colson KE, Cowie BC, Darby S, Darling S, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dentener F, Des Jarlais DC, Devries K, Dherani M, Ding EL, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Edmond K, Ali SE, Engell RE, Erwin PJ, Fahimi S, Falder G, Farzadfar F, Ferrari A, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Fowkes FG, Freedman G, Freeman MK, Gakidou E, Ghosh S, Giovannucci E, Gmel G, Graham K, Grainger R, Grant B, Gunnell D, Gutierrez HR, Hall W, Hoek HW, Hogan A, Hosgood HD 3rd, Hoy D, Hu H, Hubbell BJ, Hutchings SJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacklyn GL, Jasrasaria R, Jonas JB, Kan H, Kanis JA, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Khang YH, Khatibzadeh S, Khoo JP, Kok C, Laden F, Lalloo R, Lan Q, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Leigh J, Li Y, Lin JK, Lipshultz SE, London S, Lozano R, Lu Y,… See abstract for full author list ➔ Lim SS, et al. Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2224-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. Lancet. 2012. PMID: 23245609 Free PMC article.
• Identifying indoor radon sources in Pa Miang, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

  Thumvijit T, Chanyotha S, Sriburee S, Hongsriti P, Tapanya M, Kranrod C, Tokonami S. Thumvijit T, et al. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 20;10(1):17723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74721-6. Sci Rep. 2020. PMID: 33082391 Free PMC article.

• What proportion of lung cancer in never-smokers can be attributed to known risk factors?

  Sisti J, Boffetta P. Sisti J, et al. Int J Cancer. 2012 Jul 15;131(2):265-75. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27477. Epub 2012 Mar 27. Int J Cancer. 2012. PMID: 22322343 Free PMC article.

• Evaluation of percentage-based radon testing requirements for federally funded multi-family housing projects.

  Neri A. Neri A. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2019 Apr;16(4):302-307. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1566735. Epub 2019 Mar 21. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2019. PMID: 30620246 Free PMC article.

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