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Showing content from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15333060/ below:

Geographic methods for understanding and responding to disparities in mammography use in Toronto, Canada

Affiliations

• ¹ Inner City Health Research Unit, Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8. richard.glazier@utoronto.ca

• PMID: 15333060
• PMCID: PMC1492521
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30270.x

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Richard Henry Glazier et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Sep.

• ¹ Inner City Health Research Unit, Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8. richard.glazier@utoronto.ca

• PMID: 15333060
• PMCID: PMC1492521
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30270.x

Item in Clipboard

Objective: To use spatial and epidemiologic analyses to understand disparities in mammography use and to formulate interventions to increase its uptake in low-income, high-recent immigration areas in Toronto, Canada.

Design: We compared mammography rates in four income-immigration census tract groups. Data were obtained from the 1996 Canadian census and 2000 physician billing claims. Risk ratios, linear regression, multilayer maps, and spatial analysis were used to examine utilization by area for women age 45 to 64 years.

Setting: Residential population of inner city Toronto, Canada, with a 1996 population of 780,000.

Participants: Women age 45 to 64 residing in Toronto's inner city in the year 2000.

Measurements and main results: Among 113,762 women age 45 to 64, 27,435 (24%) had received a mammogram during 2000 and 91,542 (80%) had seen a physician. Only 21% of women had a mammogram in the least advantaged group (low income--high immigration), compared with 27% in the most advantaged group (high income--low immigration) (risk ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 0.84). Multilayer maps demonstrated a low income-high immigration band running through Toronto's inner city and low mammography rates within that band. There was substantial geographic clustering of study variables.

Conclusions: We found marked variation in mammography rates by area, with the lowest rates associated with low income and high immigration. Spatial patterns identified areas with low mammography and low physician visit rates appropriate for outreach and public education interventions. We also identified areas with low mammography and high physician visit rates appropriate for interventions targeted at physicians.

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Choropleth (shaded) map of census…

Choropleth (shaded) map of census tracts showing distribution of income and immigration groups…

Choropleth (shaded) map of census tracts showing distribution of income and immigration groups in Toronto's inner city, 1996.

Proportional symbol map of women…

Proportional symbol map of women with mammograms (circles) in relation to choropleth (shaded)…

Proportional symbol map of women with mammograms (circles) in relation to choropleth (shaded) layer of income and immigration group by census tract in Toronto's inner city.

Moran's scatterplot of proportion of…

Moran's scatterplot of proportion of women with mammograms (2000).

Moran's scatterplot of proportion of women with mammograms (2000).

Proportional symbol map of women…

Proportional symbol map of women needing a mammogram (circles) in relation to an…

Proportional symbol map of women needing a mammogram (circles) in relation to an interpolated grid layer (background shading) of women without an ambulatory care visit by census tract in Toronto's inner city.

Dot density map of number…

Dot density map of number of women needing a mammogram (dots) in relation…

Dot density map of number of women needing a mammogram (dots) in relation to an interpolated grid layer (background shading) of women without an ambulatory care visit by census tract in Toronto's inner city.

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  Vahabi M, Lofters A, Kumar M, Glazier RH. Vahabi M, et al. Cancer Med. 2016 Jul;5(7):1670-86. doi: 10.1002/cam4.700. Epub 2016 Apr 22. Cancer Med. 2016. PMID: 27105926 Free PMC article.

• Neighbourhood recent immigration and hospitalization in Toronto, Canada.

  Glazier RH, Creatore MI, Cortinois AA, Agha MM, Moineddin R. Glazier RH, et al. Can J Public Health. 2004 May-Jun;95(3):I30-4. doi: 10.1007/BF03403663. Can J Public Health. 2004. PMID: 15191130 Free PMC article.

• Variability in mammography use among older women.

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• Black women receive less mammography even with similar use of primary care.

  Burns RB, McCarthy EP, Freund KM, Marwill SL, Shwartz M, Ash A, Moskowitz MA. Burns RB, et al. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Aug 1;125(3):173-82. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-3-199608010-00002. Ann Intern Med. 1996. PMID: 8686974

• Interventions to increase the uptake of mammography amongst low income women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  Gardner MP, Adams A, Jeffreys M. Gardner MP, et al. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55574. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055574. Epub 2013 Feb 22. PLoS One. 2013. PMID: 23451028 Free PMC article. Review.

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  Vahabi M, Lofters A, Kumar M, Glazier RH. Vahabi M, et al. BMC Public Health. 2015 Jul 21;15:679. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2050-5. BMC Public Health. 2015. PMID: 26194189 Free PMC article.

• Mapping Variation in Breast Cancer Screening: Where to Intervene?

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• Neighborhood context and infant birthweight among recent immigrant mothers: a multilevel analysis.

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• Health disparities. Toward a better understanding of primary care patient-physician relationships.

  Cooper LA. Cooper LA. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Sep;19(9):985-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.46002.x. J Gen Intern Med. 2004. PMID: 15333066 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

• Breast cancer screening disparities among immigrant women by world region of origin: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada.

  Vahabi M, Lofters A, Kumar M, Glazier RH. Vahabi M, et al. Cancer Med. 2016 Jul;5(7):1670-86. doi: 10.1002/cam4.700. Epub 2016 Apr 22. Cancer Med. 2016. PMID: 27105926 Free PMC article.

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